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"The Duel" is a novella by Anton Chekhov first published in 1891. The story primarily focuses on Ivan Andreich Laevsky and Nadyezhda Fyodorovna, lovers who have moved to the Caucasus. Nadezhda is married to another man and some townspeople disapprove of the couple living together. Laevsky confides in his friend Samoylenko that he no longer loves Nadyezhda. Laevsky drinks, gambles, and lacks direction. The scientist Von Koren feels that Laevsky's slovenly lifestyle is worthless. In fact, Von Koren feels killing Laevsky would be beneficial to society, an act of natural selection. Von Koren's dislike builds until he formally challenges Laevsky to a pistol duel. The tension at the duel steadily increases. None of the men in attendance, with the possible exception of Von Koren, want to see the challenge completed. Fortunately for Laevsky, a deacon stops the duel before either man is slain. Laevsky's near-death experience leads him back to Nadyezhda.

Przedwiosnie was written by the leading Polish neoromantic writer Stefan Zeromski, and first published in 1925, the year he died. The novel consists of three parts: Szklane Domy (Glass houses), Nawloc (Nawloc estate), and Wiatr od wschodu (the Eastern wind). It is set between 1914-1924, before and during the reconstitution of Poland as the Second Polish Republic, but prior to the Polish-Soviet war.

Faraon is the fourth and last major novel by the Polish writer Boleslaw Prus (1847-1912). Composed over a year in 1894-95, it was the sole historical novel by an author who had earlier disapproved of historical novels on the ground that they inevitably distort history. Pharaoh has been described by Czeslaw Milosz as a "novel on... mechanism[s] of state power and, as such, ... probably unique in world literature of the nineteenth century.... Prus, [in] selecting the reign of 'Pharaoh Ramses XIII' in the eleventh century BCE, sought a perspective that was detached from... pressures of [topicality] and censorship. Through his analysis of the dynamics of an ancient Egyptian society, he... suggest[s] an archetype of the struggle for power that goes on within any state."

Youth is the third novel in Leo Tolstoy's autobiographical trilogy, following Childhood and Youth. The plot of the novel is based on the an ordinary Russian adolescent in the 19th century - "Nikolenka." The novel describes his time at university, a time which is filled with philosophical musings and adolescent escapades.

Notes from the Underground is an 1864 novella by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It is considered by many to be the first existentialist novel. It presents itself as an excerpt from the rambling memoirs of a bitter, isolated, unnamed narrator (generally referred to by critics as the Underground Man) who is a retired civil servant living in St. Petersburg. The first part of the story is told in monologue form, or the underground man's diary, and attacks emerging Western philosophy, especially Nikolay Chernyshevsky's What Is to Be Done? The second part of the book describes certain events that, it seems, are destroying and sometimes renewing the underground man, who acts as a first person, unreliable narrator.

Fortune's Fool is a play written by Ivan Turgenev in 1848. The setting is a vast Russian country estate where the resident aristocrats and their many servants are jolted out of their tranquillity by the arrival of someone from the city, down-on-his-luck Vassily Semyonitch Kuzovkin, whose own property has been tied up for years in a hopeless lawsuit.

Three Sisters is a play by the Russian author and playwright Anton Chekhov, perhaps partially inspired by the situation of the three Brontë sisters. It was written in 1900 and first performed in 1901 at the Moscow Art Theatre. Three Sisters is a naturalistic play about the decay of the privileged class in Russia and the search for meaning in the modern world. It describes the lives and aspirations of the Prozorov family, the three sisters (Olga, Masha, and Irina) and their brother Andrei. They are a family dissatisfied and frustrated with their present existence.

A Common Story is a debut novel by Ivan Goncharov, written in 1844-1846 and first published in 1847. The novel had an immediate effect upon its readers. Critic Aleksander Skabichevsky remembered: "Instantly I recognized myself in its main hero, Aleksander Aduev, for as him, I used to be sentimentally complacent, and was taking great care to keep hair locks, flowers and other 'material symbols of immaterial relations'. And so ashamed was I of this similarity as to gather all the little souvenirs that I was keeping at my house, threw them into the fire and give on oath to myself never to fall in love again, ever."

Kinder- und Hausmärchen is a collection of German fairy tales first published in 1812 by the Grimm brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm. The tales have formed the basis for children's tales in the Western world ever since.This volume presents several of the most popular tales, including Cinderella and Snow White, in the original German side by side with classic English translations.

This volume contains the major short stories of Boleslaw Prus, a leading figure in the history of Polish literature and philosophy and a distinctive voice in world literature. As a 15-year-old he joined the Polish 1863 Uprising against Imperial Russia. Shortly after his 16th birthday, he suffered severe battle injuries. Five months later he was imprisoned for his part in the Uprising. These early experiences may have precipitated the panic disorder and agoraphobia that would dog him through life, and shaped his opposition to attempting to regain Poland's independence by force of arms.

Boyhood is the second novel in Leo Tolstoy's autobiographical trilogy, following Childhood and followed by Youth. The plot of the novel is based on the an ordinary Russian adolescent in the 19th century - "Nikolenka." The story tells of his move to Moscow, his attraction to books and philosophy, and finally his family. There is a slow change in his values, his character, as well as the continuation of the storyline of the first part of the trilogy - "Childhood."

Terra baixa is a Catalan-language play written by Àngel Guimerà in 1896. The drama is considered his most popular work, having become an international sensation after its premiere.In addition to being a popular stage play, Terra baixa was made into six films, including a silent film in the United States. Furthermore, it served as the source material for two operas: Eugen d'Albert's German opera Tiefland and Fernand Le Borne's La Catalane. Àngel Guimerà was even nominated a record 21 times for the Nobel Prize in Literature, though he never won, due to controversy about the political significance of the gesture

Os Maias: Episódios da Vida Romântica is a naturalist novel by Portuguese author Eça de Queirós.As early as 1878, while serving in the Portuguese consulate at Newcastle upon Tyne, Eça had at least given a name to this book and had begun work on it. It was largely written during his later residence in Bristol, and was first published in 1888.The book largely concerns the life of young aristocrat Carlos da Maia in 1870s Portugal, where along with his friend João da Ega he spends his time making witticisms about society and having affairs. The novel uses the Monarchy's decline in Portugal (late 19th century), as a predominant theme, reflecting its author's own regret at his country's slow decay.

The Twelve Chairs is a classic satirical novel by the Odessan Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov, released in 1928. Its main character Ostap Bender, who knows "four hundred comparatively honest ways of taking money away from the population" and has no future in the post revolutionary Soviet Union. In the Soviet Union in 1927, a former member of the nobility, Ippolit Matveyevich Vorobyaninov, works as a desk clerk. His mother-in-law reveals on her deathbed that her family jewellery had been hidden from the Bolsheviks in one of the twelve chairs from the family's dining room set. Bender befriends him as they set out on a wild-goose chase after the missing chairs. The Twelve Chairs satirizes not only its central characters, but also the people and institutions they encounter.

Childhood is the first published novel by Leo Tolstoy, released under the initials L. N. in November 1852. It is the first in a series of three novels and is followed by Boyhood and Youth. Published when Tolstoy was just twenty-three years old, the book was an immediate success, earning notice from other Russian novelists including Ivan Turgenev, who heralded the young Tolstoy as a major up-and-coming figure in Russian literature. Childhood is an exploration of the inner life of a young boy, Nikolenka, and one of the first books in Russian writing to explore an expressionistic style, mixing fact, fiction and emotions to render the moods and reactions of the narrator.

The Golden Calf is a famous satirical novel by Soviet authors Il'f and Petrov, released in 1931. Its main character Ostap Bender, also appeared in a previous novel by the authors called The Twelve Chairs. Ostap Bender is still alive (but sports an unexplained scar across his neck), after somehow surviving the assassination in the previous book. This time he hears a story about an "underground millionaire" named Alexandr Koreiko. Bender tracks him down and uses his wiles to try to con him out of his money. The book contributed a number of catchphrases and colourful terms into the Russian language, such as "Horns and Hoofs company" and "Children of Lieutenant Schmidt."

Wampir is short horror novel by Polish Nobel Laureate Wladyslaw Reymont. The main character is Zenon, a Polish emigrant to London, whose idyllic life is complicated as he gets drawn into the mysterious world of spiritualism.

Anton Chekhov (1860 - 1904) was a Russian physician, dramatist and author who is considered to be among the greatest writers of short stories in history. While he wrote several novella-length stories, The Shooting Party was his only novel. Written in the early stage of his career, it offers a precursor of some of Chekhov's most famous literary creations.

Uncle Vanya is a play by the Russian playwright Anton Chekhov. It was first published in 1897 and received its Moscow première in 1899 in a production by the Moscow Art Theatre, under the direction of Konstantin Stanislavski. The play portrays the visit of an elderly professor and his glamorous, much younger second wife, Yelena, to the rural estate that supports their urban lifestyle. Two friends, Vanya, brother of the Professor's late first wife, who has long managed the estate, and Astrov, the local Doctor, both fall under Yelena's spell, while bemoaning the ennui of their provincial existence.

Thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have traditionally been ascribed to Plato, though modern scholarship doubts the authenticity of at least some of these. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. This volume collects the authourised texts of the following dialogues: Apology - Charmides - Crito Euthyphro - First Alcibiades Hippias Major - Hippias Minor - Ion - Laches - Lysis

Discours de la méthode is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in 1637.It is one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the evolution of natural sciences. In this work, Descartes tackles the problem of skepticism and modifies it to account for a truth he found to be incontrovertible. It is best known as the source of the famous quotation "Je pense, donc je suis" ("I think, therefore I am"), which occurs in Part IV of the work.Here Descartes' original French text is reproduced alongside the English translation.

Lettres persanes (Persian Letters) is a literary work by Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, recounting the experiences of two Persian noblemen, Usbek and Rica, who are traveling through France.In 1711 Usbek leaves his seraglio in Isfahan to take the long journey to France, accompanied by his young friend Rica. He leaves behind five wives in the care of a number of black eunuchs, one of whom is the head or first eunuch. During the trip and their long stay in Paris (1712-1720), they comment, in letters exchanged with friends and mullahs, on numerous aspects of Western, Christian society, particularly French politics and Moors, ending with a biting satire of the System of John Law. Over time, various disorders surface back in the seraglio, and, beginning with Letter 139, the situation there rapidly unravels.

Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen (Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None) is a philosophical novel by Friedrich Nietzsche, composed in four parts between 1883 and 1885. Hard to categorise, the work is a treatise on philosophy, a masterly work of literature, in parts a collection of poetry and in others a parody of and amendment to the Bible. Consisting largely of speeches by the book's hero, prophet Zarathustra, the work's content extends across a mass of styles and subject matter. Nietzsche himself described the work as "the deepest ever written".Due to the complexity of Nietzsche's prose it is at times impossible to translate his ideas accurately. By reading Nietzsche's original text along with Common's classic English translation it is hoped that the reader can better understand this dense work.

The Republic was written by Plato around 380 BC, and it deals with the definition of justice, the order and character of the just city-state and the just man. It is Plato's best-known work and has proven to be one of the most intellectually and historically influential works of philosophy and political theory. In it, Socrates along with various Athenians and foreigners discuss the meaning of justice and examine whether or not the just man is happier than the unjust man by considering a series of different cities coming into existence "in speech," culminating in a city ruled by philosopher-kings; and by examining the nature of existing regimes. The participants also discuss the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the roles of the philosopher and of poetry in society.

Jenseits von Gut und Böse was written by Friedrich Nietzsche and first published in 1886.It draws on and expands the ideas of his previous work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, but with a more critical and polemical approach.In Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche accuses past philosophers of lacking critical sense and blindly accepting dogmatic premises in their consideration of morality. Specifically, he accuses them of founding grand metaphysical systems upon the faith that the good man is the opposite of the evil man, rather than just a different expression of the same basic impulses that find more direct expression in the evil man.This volume combines Nietzsche's original prose and Helen Zimmern's classic translation.

This volume contains the original Chinese text of two of the most important ancient military treatises. The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise attributed to Sun Tzu, a high-ranking military general, strategist and tactician. The text is composed of 13 chapters, each of which is devoted to one aspect of warfare. It is commonly known to be the definitive work on military strategy and tactics of its time. The Thirty-Six Stratagems is an essay used to illustrate a series of stratagems used in politics, war, as well as in civil interaction.

Demosthenes (384-322 BC) was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20, in which he argued effectively to gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. This volume contains the complete text of two of his most famous series of orations: Philippics - against Phillip II of Macedon and Olythiacs requests help from Athens.

The Book of Rites is a diverse collection of texts of varied but uncertain origin and date, lacking the overall structure found in the other "rites" texts (the Rites of Zhou and the Etiquette and Ceremonial). Some sections consist of definitions of ritual terms, particularly those found in the Etiquette and Ceremonial, while others contain details of the life and teachings of Confucius. Parts of the text have been traced to such pre-Han works as the Xunzi and Lüshi Chunqiu, while others are believed to date from the Former Han period.

The State and Revolution (1917), by Vladimir Lenin, describes the role of the State in society, the necessity of proletarian revolution, and the theoretic inadequacies of social democracy in achieving revolution to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. The State and Revolution is considered to be Lenin's most important work on the state and has been considered Lenin's greatest contribution to political theory.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory. His works later inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers and contributed to the success of the Soviet space program. Tsiolkovsky spent most of his life in a log house on the outskirts of Kaluga, about 200 km southwest of Moscow. A recluse by nature, he appeared strange and bizarre to his fellow townsfolk. This volume contains both his scientific and philosophical works.