Bøger udgivet af Larsen and Keller Education

Ion exchange refers to a reversible chemical reaction in which an ion attached to an immobile solid particle is exchanged for a similarly charged ion from a wastewater solution. It is a method of purifying aqueous solutions utilizing solid polymeric ion-exchange resin. Apart from its use in purification of drinking water, this technology is broadly used for the separation of a wide range of medicinally and industrially significant chemicals. Various industries that are dependent on the ion exchange technology comprise power, pharmaceutical, chemical processing, nuclear mining, food and waste water processing industries. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends related to ion exchange technology. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this subject have been included herein. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. It travels in the form of longitudinal waves that involve a succession of compressions or rarefactions in the elastic medium. Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the science of sound. This branch is mainly concerned with the production, control, transmission, reception and effects of sound. The fundamental properties of sound are amplitude, frequency, wavelength, velocity and loudness. There are various types of sound waves based on different frequencies which include audible sound waves, ultrasonic waves and infrasonic sound waves. Audible sound waves can be heard by humans and animals whereas ultrasound and infrasound waves cannot be heard by normal human ears. Acoustics has important applications in almost every area of life. It plays a fundamental role in the development of music and musical instruments. It has also been crucial in the study of geologic, atmospheric and underwater phenomena. The topics included in this book on acoustics are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to the readers. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch of physics.

Reversible computing refers to the computation that takes place in steps that are time reversible. Within reversible computing, if a logic gate changes an input X into an output Y, then there is an inverse operation which reverses this step. It is a "backwarddeterministic" method, where every computational configuration has exactly one preceding configuration. It deals with problems related to carrying out computation in an efficient manner in reversible computing models. It also deals with the implementation of such systems in reversible physical systems. Reversible computation has a number of applications in various areas including coding or decoding, testing and verification, reversible specification formalisms, low power design, reversible algorithms, database recovery, debugging, discrete event simulation, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of reversible computing in the present day scenario. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of computer science.

Music teacher education (or music education) is a field of practice that trains educators for careers as elementary or secondary music teachers, and school or music conservatory ensemble directors. It is also an area of research that deals with the ways of teaching and learning music. Music education encompasses various domains of learning, including the psychomotor domain (responsible for development of skills), the cognitive domain (responsible for acquisition of knowledge) and the affective domain (responsible for internalization of knowledge), along with music appreciation and sensitivity. Some of the major focus areas related to future research and practice in music teacher education include research education and research as intervention, reflexivity and professional learning in intercultural encounters, the capacity to aspire in music teacher education, and intercultural music education as political engagement. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to music teacher education. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for music teachers.

Water or dihydrogen monoxide is a chemical compound that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The three states of this compound are ice (solid), water (liquid) and steam (gas). The liquid state of hydrogen monoxide is transparent and nearly colorless. The chemical bonds in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds in nature. The high dielectric constant and polarity of water make it an excellent solvent. Polar and ionic materials such as acids, alcohols and many salts dissolve well in water. Water has an ability to act both as an acid and as a base and is therefore amphoteric in nature. The high surface tension of water is a result of hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Water also exhibits capillary action because of its potential to form adhesive and cohesive forces. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying the chemistry of water as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts. It presents the complex subject of water chemistry in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Cryptography is a technique of communication and information security that allows only the sender and the intended recipient of a message to view its contents. The key features of cryptography include confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, and authentication. The techniques used to safeguard information are derived from mathematical or rule-based concepts known as algorithms to convert messages in a manner that makes it difficult to decode it. These algorithms are applied for cryptographic key generation, digital signing, verification to protecting data privacy and web browsing on the Internet. They are also used to protect confidential transactions such as credit card and debit card transactions. Cryptography can be broadly categorized into three types, namely, symmetric key cryptography, hash functions, and asymmetric key cryptography. The most popular symmetric key cryptography system is data encryption system (DES). This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in cryptography and computer security. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Welding is the process of fabrication that fuses two or more parts together by the application of heat, or pressure, or both, joining as the parts cool. There are different kinds of welding processes. Welding is usually done on metals and thermoplastics. Some of the major welding techniques include forge welding, arc welding, thermochemical welding, resistance welding, and electron-beam welding. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is a type of arc welding technique wherein an electric arc is struck between the metallic electrode and the work piece, and tiny globules of molten metal are transferred from the metal electrode to the weld joint. Thermochemical welding works on the principle of gas welding. In this process, heat is supplied by burning acetylene in oxygen to provide an intense, closely controlled flame. Aluminothermic (thermite) joining is another thermochemical process used for both ferrous and non-ferrous metals. This process is appropriate for joining sections with large, compact cross sections. This book details various researches that have been conducted in relation to welding. Its elaborate content will aid the readers in thoroughly understanding the subject.

Wine is an alcoholic beverage which is made using crushed and fermented grapes. The science and the study of wine and winemaking is referred to as oenology. It is involved in the cultivation of the vines, as well as the production, ageing, packaging and tasting of wine. It also focuses on the consumption and marketing of wines. It incorporates technical and chemical skillsets, in order to oversee the winemaking process, and the distillation, the blending and bottling of the wine. Oenology also studies the chemical properties of soil, the climate and the impact these have on the quality of the grapes and the fermentation process. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world with respect to oenology. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students, wine producers and researchers.

Theoretical computer science (TCS) refers to a subset of computer science that deals with algorithmic and computational interactions and processes. It emphasizes on theoretical foundations of computer science and commonly depends on rigorous mathematical proofs. The goal of TCS is to understand the nature of computation and use this understanding to develop more effective methodologies. The primary uses of TCS are quantum computation and algorithm design. It encompasses a wide range of topics such as program semantics and verification, computational economics, computational number theory and algebra, machine learning, cryptography, algorithmic game theory, computational geometry, and computational biology. TCS has also played a vital role in the formation of various fields including algorithmic privacy, quantum computation, algorithmic fairness and algorithmic economics. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of theoretical computer science. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Nuclear tourism is a form of tourism that involves tourist visits to places associated with nuclear research and technology. It is also referred to as atomic tourism. These places generally include atomic museums, nuclear explosion sites, weapon test sites, and nuclear accident sites. Nuclear tourism is gaining significance as a newer way to understand the history of atomic age. Some prominent sites of nuclear explosions are Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Pokhran, Maralinga and Nevada. Nuclear tourism is a part of the overall tourism industry and it overlaps with other forms of tourism such as dark and toxic tourism, and energy tourism. This book provides comprehensive insights into nuclear tourism. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of this branch of tourism. The book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove to be immensely beneficial to professionals and students alike.

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the relationship between heat, work, temperature and energy, entropy, radiation and the physical properties of matter. It majorly focuses on the transfer of energy from one form to another and from one place to another. Thermodynamics is principally based on a set of four laws that govern the behavior of physical quantities such as heat, work, temperature and energy. The two properties of thermodynamics include enthalpy and entropy, which may be extensive or intensive. Enthalpy is defined as measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. Entropy is a thermodynamic function that measures the randomness or disorder. These properties are capable of specifying the state of the system. Thermodynamics is applied in various fields such as physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about the subject of thermodynamics. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Optoelectronics refers to the study and use of electronic devices and systems for finding, detecting and controlling light. It is commonly regarded as a subfield of photonics. Optoelectronic devices are electrical-to-optical or optical-to-electrical transducers, or instruments that utilize such devices. Optoelectronics is based on the quantum mechanical effects of light on electronic materials, particularly semiconductors in the presence of electric fields. It has significant applications in optical fiber communications and optocouplers. This book will unfold the innovative aspects of optoelectronics which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Software engineering refers to the systematic engineering approach to software development. It is a process that includes the management of activities, technical methods, and utilization of tools to create software products. Engineering techniques are utilized to inform the software development process, which consists of definition, implementation, assessment, measurement, management, change, and improvement of the software life cycle process. It makes extensive use of software configuration management that is concerned with systematically controlling configuration changes and ensuring the traceability and integrity of the configuration and code across the system life cycle. Software engineering is used in a wide range of industries for different purposes including software design, software testing, software requirements, software maintenance and software construction. This book contains some path-breaking studies on software engineering. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of its various concepts and applications. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

The degradation of water bodies as a result of human activities is known as water pollution. It occurs when contaminants enter the natural environment. These contaminants can cause widespread disease and even death in humans through water-borne diseases. Water pollution can be caused by either point sources or non-point sources. The sources which have one recognizable reason of pollution are known as point sources. The non-point sources are relatively more diffused. The measurement of water pollution can be done by conducting chemical, physical or biological tests. Some of the various types of water pollution are groundwater pollution, surface water pollution and marine pollution. The topics included in this book on water pollution are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on this field have been included in this book. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Organic and inorganic chemistry are sub-disciplines of chemistry that study organic and inorganic compounds respectively. Organic chemistry studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds. Such compounds contain carbon in covalent bonding. It is important to study their structure to determine their chemical composition and formula. This branch of chemistry studies the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds and evaluates their chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. Inorganic chemistry focuses on the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. Inorganic compounds are derived from nature as minerals. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of organic and inorganic chemistry. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

World Religions: Beliefs, Religion is the socio-cultural system of selected behavior and practices, texts, prophecies, religious organizations, transcendental and spiritual elements. World religion is a broad category in the study of religion. Its study focuses on world''s largest five to six religions and widespread religious movements. The Big Five religions include Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism and Buddhism. Sikhism, the Bahá''í Faith and Zoroastrianism are also included in this field. These are often juxtaposed against new religious movements and indigenous religions. The world religions paradigm was developed to broaden the study of religion. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of world religion. The concepts included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.Rituals and Traditions

The set of certain physical properties which are seen in specific materials is known as superconductivity. Due to these physical properties, the electrical resistance vanishes and the magnetic flux fields are expelled. The materials which show these properties are known as superconductors. The resistance in normal metallic conductors decreases gradually when the temperature is lowered even close to absolute zero. In superconductors, there is a distinctive critical temperature, below which the resistance suddenly drops to zero. Therefore, a loop of superconducting wire can keep on conducting electric current indefinitely, without any power source. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts. Most of the topics introduced in it cover new techniques and the applications of superconductivity. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The study of fundamental and general questions about knowledge, existence, reason, mind, values and language is referred to as philosophy. The questions of philosophy can be grouped into five major categories including metaphysics and epistemology, value theory, history of philosophy, philosophical traditions and science, logic and mathematics. Metaphysics refers to the study of the most general features of reality, such as time, objects and their properties, existence, wholes and their parts, events, processes and causation. Epistemology refers to the study of knowledge. The topics such as goodness, justice and beauty are addressed in value theory. It also includes aesthetics, ethics, political philosophy, philosophy of law, feminist philosophy, etc. The topics included in this book on philosophy are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

The field of interdisciplinary study which is focused on gender identity and gendered representation is known as gender studies. There are several fields which are a part of gender studies such as women's studies, men's studies and queer studies. These fields in turn study various other fields such as literature, geography, political science, cinema and law through the lens of gender and sexuality. It also seeks to examine how gender intersects with race, ethnicity, location and disability. Gender studies generally use the term gender to refer to the social and cultural constructs of masculinity and femininity, rather than the state of being entirely male or female. The topics included in this book on gender studies are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The worldwide interaction and integration of people, companies and governments is known as globalization. It is an economic process which has cultural and social aspects. The advances in transportation and communication technology are generally cited as the reasons for the growth of globalization. There are four fundamental facets of globalization - trade and enterprise, capital and investment movements, migration and displacement of people, and propagation of knowledge. Academically, globalization is subdivided into three main fields- cultural globalization, economic globalization and political globalization. Variables such as trade, foreign direct investment, gross domestic product and income are used to measure economic globalization. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core subjects of globalization. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this field will benefit alike from this book.

The metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates by the action of enzymes is referred to as fermentation. It plays an important role in food production where it includes microorganisms for bringing desirable changes to a foodstuff or beverage. Fermentation is the primary means of producing ATP within microorganisms through the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically. Some of the major products, which are produced using the process of fermentation are ethanol lactic acid and hydrogen gas. The procedures used within industrial fermentation are classified into batch and batch-fed procedures. The different ingredients are combined and the reactions proceed without any interference in the batch procedure. During the fed-batch procedure, a few ingredients are added during the process of fermentation. This book presents the complex subject of fermentation in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on fermentation have been included herein. Experts and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Classical mechanics deals with the motion of macroscopic objects such as projectiles, parts of machinery as well as the astronomical objects including planets, stars, spacecrafts, etc. Newton's three laws of motion form the basis of classical mechanics. Some of the other forces studied within this field are Lorentz force for electromagnetism and gravitational force. It is broadly classified into three main branches such as statics, dynamics and kinematics. It can also be divided on the basis of the region of its application such as celestial mechanics, relativistic mechanics, statistical mechanics and continuum mechanics. Classical mechanics assumes that matter and energy have definite attributes, such as location, in speed and space. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of classical mechanics. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Hazardous waste refers to the waste which can cause significant threat to the environment or public health. These cannot be disposed off by the use of regular means. Generally, hazardous wastes possess a few characteristic traits. A few of these are reactivity, toxicity, corrosivity and ignitability. Various types of hazardous waste include pesticides and other garden chemicals, radioactive waste, pharmaceutical waste, etc. The management of hazardous waste involves stabilizing it before disposing it. There are various ways in which hazardous waste can be managed such as by recycling them into new products, solidifying and stabilizing them by turning them into portland cement and pyrolysis. They can also be destroyed using the process of incineration. They can also serve as fuel when incinerated. The topics included in this book on hazardous waste management are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The sum of all analyzable attributes of a food item such as its sensoric value, suitability value and health value are termed as food quality. Some of the factors which are considered under this are the flavor, texture and appearance of the food item. Food quality management is responsible for ensuring that the food items are safe and fit for consumption. There are various important aspects of food quality management such as quality assurance and quality control. Quality assurance seeks to prevent any defect in the food item by studying its processing. Quality control focuses on defect identification and deals with the product. This book presents the complex subject of food quality management in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The topics covered herein deal with the core subjects of this field. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The conversion of sunlight into electricity is known as photovoltaic. A power system, which is designed to supply the usable solar power through photovoltaics is referred to as a photovoltaic system. It is made up of an arrangement of many components such as solar panels and solar inverter. Solar panels are used for the absorption and conversion of sunlight into electricity. Solar inverters convert the output from direct to alternating current. Some of the other components of photovoltaic systems are solar array, mounting, cabling, tracker and batteries. Photovoltaic systems can range from small PV systems such as rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems to large utility-scale power stations. The topics included in this book on photovoltaic systems are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of photovoltaic systems. This textbook will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The technical discipline which focuses on the equipment, systems and devices that use electromagnetism, electronics and electricity is referred to as electrical engineering. It is involved in their study, design and application. There are several sub-disciplines of electrical engineering. Some of them include telecommunications, computer engineering, signal processing, instrumentation engineering, electronic engineering, radio-frequency engineering and power engineering. Electrical engineering also deals with microelectronics and nanoelectronics. Microelectronics focuses on the designing of small electronic circuit components which are used in an integrated circuit. Nanoelectronics refers to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. It deals with devices which are generally below 100 nanometers. This book presents the complex subject of electrical engineering in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and applications of this field. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

The branch of science which studies organisms in the seas and oceans is known as marine biology. Classification in this field is done usually on the basis of environment rather than on the taxonomy. The habitats in marine biology are primarily divided into coastal and open ocean habitats. Some of these habitats are seagrass meadows, coral reefs and kelp forests. There are different types of organisms that inhabit the ocean which are broadly classified into microscopic life, vertebrates, plants and algae, fungi and invertebrates. Microbes in the ocean are responsible for most of the photosynthesis which occurs in the ocean. Some of the vertebrates which are studied within this discipline are fish, marine mammals and seabirds. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of marine biology. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Oceanography deals with the study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. It is a vast field that covers various topics such as geophysical fluid dynamics, ecosystem dynamics, waves, ocean currents, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor. It also includes fluxes of various chemical substances and the physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries. Oceanography is classified into various branches such as chemical oceanography, biological oceanography, geological oceanography, physical oceanography and paleoceanography. Oceanography contributes to the understanding of processes studied in a diverse range of disciplines such as astronomy, climatology, geology, hydrology, meteorology, geography, chemistry and physics. This textbook presents the complex subject of oceanography in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The various sub-fields of this discipline along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in it. For someone with interest and an eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

The energy which is collected from renewable sources is termed as renewable energy. These resources are recharged through natural processes in a relatively short period of time. A few examples of such sources of renewable energy are tides, wind, sunlight and geothermal heat. There are primarily four areas where renewable energy provides energy. These are air and water heating/cooling, rural energy, transportation and most importantly electricity generation. Another source of renewable energy is bioenergy. Biomass can be converted into biofuel in order to power vehicles. Electrical energy storage is a significant part of renewable energy systems since it can store excess energy when production is high and return it to the grid when the production falls. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of renewable energy and its utmost significance in modern times. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This textbook is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Operating systems are software that are used to manage the computer hardware and software resources. They also provide common services for computer programs. The operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware for hardware functions such as input and output, and memory allocation. They are found in many devices that contain a computer including cellular phones and video game consoles as well as web servers and supercomputers. There are numerous types of operating systems such as single-tasking system, multi-tasking operating system and distributed operating system. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of operating systems which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.