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Henry of Ghent's Summa, art. 1-5, composed probably before 1276, are the opening articles of Henry's grand masterpiece, his Quaestiones ordinariae or Summa. This Summa was, from what Henry himself indicated, to be in two sections: a section De Deo and a section De creaturis, but the second part was never composed, probably due to Henry's death in 1293. What has survived is an "unfinished cathedral," as Bayerschmidt has described. These opening articles are part of the "prolog" and they treat epistemological issues such as skepticism and the very possibility of human knowledge, divine "illustration," teaching, certitude, knowledge of non entities, the desire for knowledge, and the nature of study. This "epistemological" concern marked deeply the development of thought in the High Middle Ages and influenced the Franciscan, John Duns Scotus, and through Scotus, William of Ockham. The text of the critical edition is reconstructed based upon a manuscript of Godfrey of Fontaines containing these articles which was willed to the Sorbonne when Godfrey died. This manuscript seems to have been composed in the very school of Henry. Other manuscripts which were used were two that may have been copied from the apograph, three copied from the first Parisian exemplar divided into pieces (peciae), and two copied from a second exemplar.

Textual Mobility and Cultural Transmission is the first publication of the research and documentation Centre for the Study of English Literatures in Dutch Translation. The first part explores the notion of 'textual mobility' from a theoretical, book historical and descriptive perspective. Having thus established a broad and dynamic framework, the second part subsequently provides four case studies on Byron, Carlyle, Woolf and Beckett.

Lieven Gevaert Series 5Surrealism's French manifestations are best known, but Belgium also had a complex history of Surrealist activity in the early twentieth century, one as radical and visionary as that in France. A number of groups affiliated with the movement met formed, split up, and reformed; it is almost impossible to summarize them. The essays in Collective Inventions offer glimpses into Belgian surrealism that range from explorations of specific historical turning points and comparisons with other versions of Surrealism to detailed portraits of individual artists and the meanings of their work. The authors use contemporary theoretical and critical models to explore artistic production in a variety of media, including painting and photography, film and fashion, postcards and Perspex.

Towards Tonality is a collection of essays based on lectures presented at the International Orpheus Academy for Music and Theory on "Historical Theory, Performance, and Meaning in Baroque Music". The often complex connections and intersections between, e.g., modal and tonal idioms, contrapuntal and harmonic organisation, were considered from various perspectives as to the transition (towards tonality) from the Renaissance to the Baroque era. Contents: Thomas Christensen Genres of Music Theory, 1650-1750 Penelope Gouk Science and Music, or the Science of Music: Some Little-known Examples of "Music Theory" between 1650 and 1750 Gérard Geay L'édition de la polyphonie française du 17e siècle Susan McClary Towards a History of Harmonic Tonality Markus Jans Towards a History of the Origin and Development of the Rule of the Octave Joel Lester Thoroughbass as a Path to Composition in the Early Eighteenth Century Marc Vanscheeuwijck Giovanni Paolo Colonna and Petronio Franceschini: Building Acoustics and Compositional Style in Late Seventeenth-Century Bologna

Manuscripts are the source material par excellence for diverse academic disciplines. Art historians, philologists, historians, theologians, philosophers, book historians, and even jurists are known to gather around codices. In Medieval Manuscripts in Transition, various scholars investigate the ways in which the study of manuscripts can contribute to interpretation or provide insight. The essays in this book cover a broad range of topics from the development of classical themes to the transmission of lyrical models, from visual material that provides evidence of the reception of literary texts to the literary arts used as vehicles for love stories.Mediaevalia Lovaniensia 36

The present volume has been built up around fifteen papers presented at an international conference co-organised by the Department of Medieval Studies of the Central European University, Budapest, the Centre d'Etude des Religions du livre, Paris, the De Wulf-Mansion Centre at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Benedictine Abbey of Tihany, Hungary. The conference was convened to discuss the general conceptual, doctrinal and - broadly speaking - theological and philosophical aspects of the developments concerning the Eucharistic doctrines of the Christian Churches, not just the Western ones, but the Byzantino-Slavic and Oriental ones, too.When organizing the final shape of the volume at hand, the editors were eager to get contributions with a wide divergence of perspectives. In this way, the so-called "Nestorian Controversy" and the aftermath of Chalcedon received great emphasis, their problems being several times approached in the Patristic section of this book, by authors who in no way agree in its evaluation, but rather, for a long while, have been in debate with each other. Similar is the case with the crucial debates in the medieval theology of the Eucharist, be it Eastern or Western.Even more tangibly, the great questions of a "symbolist" or "realist" interpretation of the presence of Christ in the bread and the wine, or, once the doctrine of the "real presence" had been affirmed, its modalities, such as "transsubstantiation" or "transformation", or the question of what happens to the bread and the wine, and when, during the liturgical celebration, in order that they might become the real body and blood of Christ, are treated over and over in these contributions just as they have been treated over and over during the intellectual history under review.This recurrence of the same or similar doctrinal problems in diverse circumstances, envisaged from different theological, philosophical or historical perspectives, is one of the factors that give this volume its unity.

In this book some 25 scholars focus on the relationship between religion, children's literature and modernity in Western Europe since the Enlightenment (c. 1750). They examine various aspects of the phenomenon of children's literature, such as types of texts, age of readers, position of authors, design and illustration. The role of religion in giving meaning both in a substantive sense as well as through the institutionalised churches is studied from an interdenominational point of view (Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism and Anglicanism). Finally, the contribution of pedagogy and child psychology in the interaction between modernity, religion and children's literature is also discussed.Various articles give a broad overview of the tensions between aesthetics and ethics and the demand for cultural autonomy in the development of children's literature. Children's bibles and missionary stories played an important part in the growing diversification of children's literature, as did the publication of illustrated reviews for children. Remarkable differences are highlighted in the involvement of religious societies and institutions, episcopally approved publishing houses and supervisory bodies in the publication, distribution and supervision of children's literature. This volume adopts a comparative approach in exploring the underlying religious, ideological and cultural dimensions of children's literature in modern society.)

Wafer-thin glass fibre composites can possess an almost transparent, esoteric fragility, yet you can mix this same material with stone dust to make a super-tough 'granite', or instantly bake a colourful enamel-like coating into it. And when a satin weave of carbon fibres can be seen through an acrylic or epoxy resin on the dashboard of a Ferrari, the link with a sexy black satin evening gown or evening suit seems far less remote. The association with the sophisticated, high-tech world of the aerospace industry and, more recently, top-level sport, further enhances the intangible attractiveness of 'carbon'. For this high-tech world, composite materials have been developed. Through the intelligent combination of light, colourful plastics with strong and stiff glass or carbon fibres, one obtains materials which are simultaneously light, strong and stiff. Finally, one very new development is the rediscovery of natural fibres as an outstanding reinforcement for synthetic materials. Xtra Strong/Light - Composites, a book which is being published as part of the science communication project Composites-on-Tour-2, offers an accessible account of the properties and possibilities of composite materials. It also discusses the ways in which the Belgian designers Clem van Himbeeck and Weyers & Borms and the Israeli designer Ron Arad, who runs a design agency in London, use composite materials. These applications are both high-tech and strikingly artistic, and bear witness to intelligent and unconventional design visions.

Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, Series 1, No. 36 Henry of Ghent stands out as a leading thinker, together with Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure, of the second half of the thirteenth century. His rich and multifaceted thought influenced many different traditions; he has been seen as an eclectic. This book elucidates Henry of Ghent's philosophical and theological system with special reference to his Trinitarian writings. It also shows how Henry (d. 1293), the most influential theologian of his day in Paris, developed the Augustinian tradition in response to the Aristotelian tradition of Aquinas.

In the first part about the specific Stoic doctrine on moral progress (prokopê) attention is first given to the subtle view developed by the early Stoics, who categorically denied the existence of any mean between vice and virtue, and yet succeeded in giving moral progress a logical and meaningful place within their ethical thinking. Subsequently, the position of later Stoics (Panaetius, Hecato, Posidonius, Seneca, Musonius Rufus, Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius) is examined. Most of them appear to adopt a basically 'orthodox' view, although each one of them lays his own accents and deals with Chrysippus' tenets from his own personal perspective. Occasionally, the 'heterodox' position of Aristo of Chios proves to have remained influential too. The second part of the study deals with the polemical reception of the Stoic doctrine of moral progress in (Middle-)Platonism. The first author who is discussed is Philo of Alexandria. Philo deals with the Stoic doctrine in a very ideosyncratical way. He never explicitly attacked the Stoic view on moral progress, although it is clear from various passages in his work that he favoured the Platonic-Peripatetic position rather than the Stoic one. Next, Plutarch's position is examined, through a detailed analysis of his treatise 'De profectibus in virtute'. Finally, attention is given to two school handbooks dating from the period of Middle-Platonism (Alcinous and Apuleius). In both of them, the Stoic doctrine is rejected without many arguments, which shows that a correct (and anti-Stoic) conception of moral progress was regarded in Platonic circles as a basic knowledge for beginning students.The whole discussion is placed into a broader philosophical-historical perspective by the introduction (on the philosophical tradition before the Stoa) and the epilogue (about later discussions in Neo-Platonism and early Christianity).

The Coimbra Group can be seen as a sample selection of traditional universities in Europe that want to continue the old traditional idea of 'Universitas'.A variety of factors led to bring out a second edition of the member universities' Charters of Foundation and Early Documents, eleven years after the appearance of the first edition. With eight new members, the Coimbra Group has grown substantially in the past eleven years. Moreover, historians and scholars working in the field of manuscripts and early documents have continued to add to our existing pool of knowledge.The new edition documents the early times of our universities by means of accurate transcriptions and critical discussions of the Charters of Foundation and Early Documents of the Group's thirty-seven universities. It is the result of the valuable work of specialists co-ordinated by the editors, Marc Nelissen and Jos M.M. Hermans.

On the corner of the Croylaan and the Celestijnenlaan stands a red wall. An introverted building which does not immediately reveal its past is hidden behind the wall. Nevertheless, it has an extremely prestigious history. It is as though it was written entirely in capital letters and golden initials: a monastery of the order of the Celestines, unique in the Netherlands, with a founder who was a politician of European stature, William of Croy, counsellor of Philip the Fair and Charles V.Rombaut Keldermans was appointed for its construction and Jan Mone, the most important representative of Renaissance sculpture in the Netherlands, for the sculpture. The ruins of the monastery were recently restored by the internationally celebrated Rafael Moneo and integrated in the Campus Library Arenberg.

The editon of Henry of Ghent's Quodlibet VII makes available the critical text of an influential work. Written near the end of 1282, this Quodlibet is perhaps best known because it contains Henry's initial discussion of the papal bull Ad fructus uberes, which had granted certain exaggerated privileges to the mendicants. Henry's text puts forward arguments which limit wide interpretations of the bull and sets forth a position which favors the secular clergy. These arguments set the stage for discussions of the privileges granted by the papal bull. Indeed, Richard of Mediavilla in his Quaestio Privilegii Papae Martini makes a case for the mendicants by addressing the arguments of Quodlibet VII point by point. Henry himself reiterates and elaborates his arguments in subsequent Quodlibeta and in the Tractatus super facto praelatorum et fratrum. His analyses of Ad fructus uberes leads to discussions of poverty in the religious life, which Henry argues is not a perfection but a means to perfection. Quodlibet VII also treats more philosophical matters, e.g. transcendentals, God's essence and knowledge, knowledge of the divine essence, genus, difference, matter, relation, quantity, human knowledge, and the human body. In addition, the text contains a response to some claims in Berthaud of Saint Denis' Quodlibet I, q17. This fellow secular master has not been studied or edited, but he emerges here and in the Tractatus as a secular master with whom Henry disagreed.

In the 19th century, religious institutes (orders and congregations) underwent an unprecedented revival. As partners in a large-scale religious modernisation movement, they were welcomed by the Roman Catholic Church in its pursuit of a new role in society (especially in the educational and health-care sectors). At the same time, the Church also deemed it necessary to keep their spectacular growth in check.Until the 1960s religious institutes played an important role both in society at large as well as within the church (for example, at the level of the missions, liturgy and art). Yet, relatively little research has been done on their development either in ecclesiastical or in broad cultural history. As a basis for further study, The European Forum on the History of Religious Insitutes in the 19th and 20th Centuries offers this study of the historiography of religious institutes and of their position in civil and canon law.

The Library reflects not only six centuries of University history, but also many chapters of European history and even world history in the last century. A president of the United States played a leading role, and a Japanese emperor also figures in it. The Library, built with American funds, was conceived as an American memorial to the Great War of 1914-1918. All this means the Library is not merely another university building. The past has imbued it with the higher values that survive human conflict.The University Library has been in full development since 1970. With its historic collection, the Maurits Sabbe Library is a living research centre for matters of religion and theology. The Arenberg Campus Library, a science library housed in a sixteenth-century monastery, combines technology and heritage. The various branch libraries range from law and philosophy to medicine, from ancient colleges in the heart of Leuven to the university hospital on the edge of the town.

The following chapters represent a cross-section of current thinking and action in the related fields of Ergonomics, Health and Safety. Inevitably, there is extensive overlap between these three topics. Ergonomics by definition is concerned with the world of work in its broadest sense, that is purposeful activity, there is often an associated monetary gain but this is not an essential aspect; domestic activity and road transport are amongst the obvious exceptions. Health in this context means largely occupational health. Safety is occupational safety with a related excursion into road safety. All this is very much in line with the career of Professor Paul Verhaegen, the inspirer of this volume. Originally trained in medicine, his interests were and are in health, safety and working efficiency within occupational settings, including the effects of cultural differences, a more specialized interest engendered by his long residence in what used to be the Belgian Congo.

Bauforschung is a fundamental part of every methodology specifically designed to evaluate and maintain historical buildings. The first step towards censervation and restoration involves being well informed about a building's cultural and historical importance: thus it is necessary to survey it in all its different aspects and at every possible level of significance.This requires a thorough investigation by a specialist--or Bauforscher--who is trained as an architectural historian, in the most fundamental sense of the term. Bauforschung involves the first investigative phase of archtectural historical research, combining the analysis of archaeological, historical and iconographical source material with the complete recording of a building's appearance and pathology. The German word Bauforscher can in fact be translated literally as "building researcher", implying not only a mastery of the skills of the historian, archaeologist and architect, but also of the materials specialist and the surveyor. This book contains the report on the experiences of building researchers from many different European countries, who met at the Raymond Lemaire International Centre for Conservation in 1996.

Fourmont was the first scholar in France to deal with Chinese matters. He started his career in the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres as an Hebraist, but he left this discipline and turned to Chinese in 1711. At that time he met Arcadio Huang, a young French-speaking Chinese man in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Fourmont seized the opportunity to be introduced to Chinese. Huang taught him the pronunciation of Chinese syllables, and quite particularly, he introduced him to the 214 radicals. Fourmont's first book on the Chinese language, the Meditationes Sinicae, was published in 1737. His second work, Linguae Sinarum Mandarinicae Hieroglyphae, in 1742.Both these works are analyzed in detail in the present monograph. The presentation of the Chinese language in these publications was based on the Latin Grammar. One of the most fascinating points of Fourmont's studies was the way he dealt with the Chinese radicals. In the dictionaries, the Chinese characters are arranged according to a number of simple characters that enter obligatorily into more complex characters. In the course of the centuries the number of radicals varied from 60 to 600, but since 1615 it was settled at 214. This system of 214 radicals, which Fourmont saw in the dictionaries of the Bibliothèque Nationale, and which Huang taught him, was known to very few scholars in Europe. Fourmont's greatest feat was having 80,000 fine Chinese characters engraved in Paris for his many proposed dictionaries. He must have visited his engravers each day for many years to inspect and correct their work. The petits chinois, as these engravings were called, are still on display today at the Imprimerie Nationale in Paris.

Prosopography remains, for the period of the Roman Principate, a basic research instrument. The exhaustive collection of biographical notes on a specific social group, in this case the equestrian officers, transcends the individual, the anecdotal, and makes it possible to trace variables and constants within the evolution and to reveal structures. This is Part VI of six parts.

This book offers a series of attempts at analyzing the place of Christianity in traditional Chinese society from the different sociological, historical, theological and philological approaches. It is based on papers and discussions from the sixth international conference on Church activities in Qing and early Republican China (Verbiest Foundation, Leuven, 1998).Scholars like von Collani, Criveller, Walravens and Wiest established already a well-deserved reputation with a series of previous publications in the field. Their articles in this volume on the position of women in the Chinese Catholic community, the shifting Jesuit methodology, Jesuit apologetics and the direct sources of the Qiqi tushou are fine examples of fundamental research. Equally interesting are the papers of the scholars Heuschert-Laage, Kollmar-Paulenz, Pang and Stary. They throw an interesting light on the Manchu-Mongolian aspect of the history of the Chinese Catholic Church. Special attention must also be given to the studies on Taiwan by Borao, Heylen and Heyns. Taiwan is a region relatively unknown to the Western sinological public. From the Church historian's point of view however it is a highly interesting place because it was the first place in the Chines world where Protestantism and Catholicism coexisted.The historical framework of the studies in this volume is mainly the seventeenth century. Although this volume is not a comprehensive treatment of the Christian mission in Ming and Qing China, it brings together studies that illuminate the manner in which the Christian missionaries--Protestants and Catholics alike--developed different methods to realize their communal ideal of "the Kingdom of God on Earth".

Laughter, often defined as humankind's exclusive characteristics, remains in itself an ambiguity. All the more so when one attempts to understand it in a culture from the past. Can humour be considered as a universal and ahistorical phenomenon? Or do we actually project our own tastes on our forebears? It may well be that one has not always laughed for the same reasons and at the same objects; indeed, some forms like parody and satire seem to thrive upon a variety of now outdated and even half forgotten codes and discourses.In the face of these questions, the Leuven Institute of Medieval Studies has attempted to address some of the multiple aspects of medieval laughter, its possible devices, functions and intentions by inviting a number of colleagues to give or write a paper with their own views on the subject. Surprisingly, although they are discussing a great many texts and genres, quite a few contributors appear to agree that the risus mediaevalis already often proceeds from a contrast, a shifting which in its turn produces an effect of surprise. Medieval humour, however, is not a simple thing and takes many forms: e.g. a comedy of corpses where in last resort, the joke is on death itself, a wit of wordplay on the borderline of form and content, a ludic or perhaps carnivalesque happening, a burlesque confrontation between registers, a weapon aimed at a certain group, an ironic use or even a satire of conventions, a playful doodle referring to what happens not on the manuscript page but to the world outside.Questions are also being asked about who exactly was supposed to be amused by some of these jokes and to what effect. And what could have been the audience's response? Did its mirth create a common bond against the other, a release, a confirmation of norm? Or was it sometimes merely a way of enjoying one of the joys of life?

The editon of Henry of Ghent's Quodlibet VII makes available the critical text of an influential work. Written near the end of 1282, this Quodlibet is perhaps best known because it contains Henry's initial discussion of the papal bull Ad fructus uberes, which had granted certain exaggerated privileges to the mendicants. Henry's text puts forward arguments which limit wide interpretations of the bull and sets forth a position which favors the secular clergy. These arguments set the stage for discussions of the privileges granted by the papal bull. Indeed, Richard of Mediavilla in his Quaestio Privilegii Papae Martini makes a case for the mendicants by addressing the arguments of Quodlibet VII point by point. Henry himself reiterates and elaborates his arguments in subsequent Quodlibeta and in the Tractatus super facto praelatorum et fratrum. His analyses of Ad fructus uberes leads to discussions of poverty in the religious life, which Henry argues is not a perfection but a means to perfection. Quodlibet VII also treats more philosophical matters, e.g. transcendentals, God's essence and knowledge, knowledge of the divine essence, genus, difference, matter, relation, quantity, human knowledge, and the human body. In addition, the text contains a response to some claims in Berthaud of Saint Denis' Quodlibet I, q17. This fellow secular master has not been studied or edited, but he emerges here and in the Tractatus as a secular master with whom Henry disagreed.

The present volume offers a collection of studies intended to give an overall picture of the International Colloquium on Medieval Theatre organized by the Instituut voor Middeleeuwse Studies of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. The reader will probably remark upon the fact that studies on medieval drama are as flourishing and diversified as their object itself once was. From liturgical drama to pageant, from nativity play to mystery, from latin comedy to 'sottie', morality and farce, one discovers here the various aspects of an output that covers more than five centuries. This selection hopefully represents a cross-section of contemporary work in the field. As methods evolve and ways of reading change, the subject reveals itself as something for ever old and new. Thus a number of contributors emphasize a formal approach. Both the analysis of a dramatic production as a structured entity--from the larger viewpoint of scenic organization right down to the level of verse or even rime--and as an actual performance, continue to shed valuable light on the theatrical event in its generic and historical context.

Europe is a word that is almost daily on our lips. But how far do we have to go back in order to find the origins of its name? The first part of this beautifully illustrated book traces the geographical and mythological basis of Europe's name. Who came up with the idea to distinguish the world in continents with proper names? The search will bring the reader back to the early history of mankind. How did the ancient Egyptians see the world and populations around them? Where did the Hebrews get the idea to split the world in three? And what was the world-picture in ancient Greece, laid down in geographic treatises and fragments?Where did the name 'Europe' originate from? Could it be from a person, either mortal or divine? In ancient Greek literature the name 'Europa' appears quite frequently for Greek goddesses and Greek women. Strangely enough, the best known Europa myth concerns a Phoenician princess, loved by the Greek god Zeus. Many mythographs doubt the Asian descent of the Phoenician Europa. Is her real origin to be located on mainland Greece? How can the contradicting Greek myths be interpreted, and was the name universally accepted as the name for the continent?In the second part of this book, the author tells the amazing story of how the Arts have treated the Europa myths for almost three millennia. He shows the extraordinary influence of the personification of the geographic continent Europe on literature, music, sculpture, painting, tapestry and other applied arts. All this clearly demonstrates the vivid interest in Europe for the subject throughout the ages and illustrates, according to Karel van Miert in his Foreword, our common European culture.

The life of John Armonio Marso, born around 1477 in Abruzzi and died in Venice after 1552, is quite unknown: the main events were collected by M. Quattrucci and more fully developed by Walther Ludwig in the introduction to his critical edition of the Comedy Stephanium.

The essays collected in this volume were first presented at the international and interdisciplinary conference on the Graphic Novel hosted by the Institute for Cultural Studies (University of Leuven) in 2000.The issues discusses by the conference are twofold. Firstly, that of trauma representation, an issue escaping by definition from any imaginable specific field. Secondly, that of a wide range of topics concerning the concept of "visual narrative," an issue which can only be studied by comparing as many media and practices as possible.The essays of this volume are grouped here in two major parts, their focus depending on either a more general topic or on a very specific graphic author. The first part of the book, "Violence and trauma in the Graphic Novel", opens with a certain number of reflections on the representation of violence in literary and visual graphic novels, and continues with a whole set of close readings of graphic novels by Art Spiegelman (Maus I and II) and Jacques Tardi (whose masterwork "C'?tait la guerre des tranch?es" is still waiting for its complete English translation). The second part of the book presents in the first place a survey of the current graphic novel production, and insists sharply on the great diversity of the range in the various 'continental' traditions (for instance underground 'comix', and feminist comics, high-art graphic novels, critical superheroes-fiction) whose separation is nowadays increasingly difficult to maintain. It continues and ends with a set of theoretical interventions where not only the reciprocal influences of national and international traditions, but also those between genres and media are strongly forwarded, the emphasis being here mainly on problems concerning ways of looking and positions of spectatorship.