Bøger udgivet af NORTH AMER BUSINESS PR

In today's world market no one would deny the importance of China marketing and no one will ignore the increasingly tight connections between China and the rest of the world. "As China goes, so goes the world" has become almost a common sense shared by the business leaders of the world. China is roaring into the 21st century with the force of a locomotive and its economy has doubled almost every six years. The great changes that have been made by the Chinese people in every aspect not only impact the domestic market in China but also the international economy (Wu, 2009; Yu et al., 2006). In Karl Gerth's recently published book, As China Goes, So Goes the World (Gerth, 2010), the famous Harvard Business School Spangler Family Professor William Kirby claims that the changes that define Chinese markets today may transform the world in the future. More than thirty years ago the economic system of China was a centralized planning system that remained largely closed to international trade, in which the market mechanism played a limited role in the production and consumption process. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China launched its economic system reform and open door campaign. It is this campaign that brought China into a market oriented economy, created a rapidly growing for-profit sector, and made China a major player in the global economy. As such the market mechanism has became an important factor in the economic development of China (Tian and Wang, 2003; Tian 2008). Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2009 stood as the second largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita terms the country is still lower middle-income (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010; Saxon, 2006). As the market oriented economic system in China is relatively new to the world, China marketing is even newer to marketers in the world. The new concept of China marketing refers to all the issues pertaining to effective marketing in China by domestic marketers and international marketers alike, issues including, but not limited to, product design and development, pricing strategy, distribution and logistics management, and advertising and promotions. As the market in China evolves and changes, marketing strategy must adapt to the changing environment. There is no doubt that the economic transition in China will definitely affect marketing strategies across a wide range of industries, namely telecommunications, the auto industry, the hospitality industry, the airline industry, textiles, cosmetics, and so on (Alon, 2003; Gerth, 2010).

There is no doubt that the phenomenon we now call globalization has brought many benefits to the citizens of our heterogeneous world. Inter alia, this phenomenon has resulted in the increased mobility of humans, goods, and services from one part of the world to another. International trade in both final goods and services and in various factors of production has risen, and this rise has generally seen the welfare improving for all the involved parties. This rise in international trade in particular and of mobility more generally has also led to the spread of all manner of animals, plants, and other organisms from places where they are native to new locales, where they are not. As noted by Vitousek et al. (1997), Mooney (1999), and others, it is salient to comprehend that although this movement and spread of animal and plant species from one part of the world to another predates the modern era of globalization, the phenomenon of globalization has accelerated this mobility. Animal and plant species that have moved from a part of the world where they are native to another part of the world where they are not are said to be invasive species. Such species are also referred to as "alien," as "exotic," and as "non-native" species. For the purpose of consistency, we shall use the term "invasive," in this chapter. Olson (2006) points out that this movement of animal and plant species can occur naturally, as a result of specific ecological processes or as a result of deliberate human activity. In addition, even if we restrict attention to invasive species introductions that are the result of conscious human activity, such introductions can be either intentional or unintentional in nature. Humans have been intentionally introducing animal and plant species into parts of the world where they are not native, for many decades. These intentional introductions broadly fall into two categories. The first category consists of introductions that are largely ornamental in nature. Exotic pets such as fish, parrots, and all manner of orchids readily come to mind. The second category is made up of introductions that form the basis of what is now known as biological control. The basic objective here is to use a specific animal or plant species that is a predator of another prey species whose population is sought to be controlled. McConnachie et al. (2003) review ten benefit-cost studies of biological control programs and note that such programs can be very successful. However, the work of Nogales et al. (2004) shows that biological control programs can also go awry and give rise to unintended consequences. Most countries today have protocols for dealing with the intentional introductions of invasive species, although it should not go unsaid that the quality and the effectiveness of these protocols vary considerably.

Is this really the major challenge facing central bankers who will be responsible for organizing the reflux without creating disturbances in nature? Could improving the global economic situation, paradoxically, not lead to increased tensions in the most vulnerable countries as in the system as a whole? The author argues that there is here potential for additional financial shocks, especially if fears of inflation resurgence led central banks to relax their monetary policies, such as to create scenarios of a checkered global recovery.

Why become a business anthropologist? You will not see many want ads designed for this career. Too ready an answer obscures important questions. How do you get to be a business anthropologist? Moreover, how would you like such a job if you got it? How would you feel about the impact of your efforts? Is this really a job or more of a career path that leads into various fields of inquiry? If these questions interest you, this book is for you. Its chapters have much to offer about both the challenges and contributions of business anthropology.

At the end of 2008, government leaders and most professional economists were looking at each other and asking, "How did we miss this?" and "Why didn't we see it coming?" Indeed, why didn't they? Our answer to their question is-Stupidomics. Those asking these questions aided and abetted those who drove our economy to the brink of disaster. Words like hubris, myopia, folly, egoism, and pridefulness come to mind when we think about these noble custodians of America's economic wellbeing. While our august leaders were blind to impending economic danger, we saw it coming. To be honest, we weren't sure when the economy would crash, and we didn't know how far it would fall. But, by using the simple circular flow concepts presented in this book, we were confident that a significant adjustment couldn't be avoided. Because of this conviction, in 2007 we made adjustments that protected our financial assets. What we present in this book isn't rocket science. We simply cover basic economic principles in a way that can be understood by non-macroeconomics minded Americans. But our message is important, and the concepts we explore work. Understanding fundamental economic concepts is essential, because economic decisions are imbedded in our jobs, how we spend our money, how our government spends our money, and how international trade impacts our nation. Indeed, economics is a primary decision factor when we vote in local and national elections. No matter how much we try, we can't escape the basic laws of economics-they are a daily fact of life. It is this lack of economic understanding that motivated the title of our book--Stupidomics. The title is not meant to imply that Americans are stupid. Rather, we mean that Americans are not well schooled in the basic tenants of our economic system. As we see things, Stupidomics was a contributing cause of the financial institution crisis of 2008. But the 2008 financial institution crisis is not the first one in U.S. economic history. It is, however, the first one to take place in the 21st Century. In recent times, the U.S. economy experienced a savings and loan crisis in the 1980s which resulted in over 700 failed institutions and cost U.S. taxpayers about $125 billion ($240 billion in current dollars). The repeated trouble within the financial institution industry is a perfect example of what Bok is referring to. The inability to learn from prior mistakes is an aspect of Stupidomics. The unresolved economic sins of the past contributed to the 2008 financial institution crisis and its mind numbing price tag of $700 billion and counting. In this book, we are not seeking to explain all of the theoretical concepts presented in a macroeconomics textbook. Some are too quantitative and others are too arcane to be useful to an understanding of fundamental economic principles. Rather, we seek to present a few basic concepts that will help readers understand how the U.S. economy grows, how sacrifice today can create a more robust economy for our children and grandchildren, and why further tax decreases, while tempting, are unwise. Our book also shows how the U.S. economy got so far out of balance that we are experiencing what most economists are calling the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression.