Bøger udgivet af NY Research Press

Mathematical analysis is a mathematical discipline that deals with continuous functions, limits, and related theories such as differentiation, integration, infinite sequences, series and analytic functions. The field of mathematical analysis has multiple branches, which include real analysis, complex analysis, functional analysis, harmonics analysis and differential equations. Real analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis that involves the study of real numbers and real-valued functions of a real variable. Complex analysis examines the functions of complex numbers, and has several applications in physics and mathematics which include hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, quantum theory, number theory, applied mathematics and algebraic geometry. Harmonic analysis is concerned with the representation of functions and signals as the superposition of basic waves and it finds applications in multiple areas including music theory, representation theory and tidal analysis. This book outlines the significance and applications of mathematical analysis in detail. Students, researchers, and experts associated with this field will benefit from it.

Mental representation is an unobservable internal code for a physical item with semantic properties such as content, reference, truth-conditions and truth-value. It allows the depiction of both non-existent entities along with entities and events, which have not been experienced before. Cognitive semantics encompasses a broad range of descriptive models that cognitive linguistics have developed for the analysis of linguistic meaning. These models include concepts such as frame semantics, radial networks, conceptual metonymy, prototypicality, conceptual metaphor and construal mechanisms in grammar. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the role of mental representation and cognitive analysis in the study of semantics. It is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area of study.

The Yang-Baxter equation refers to a consistency equation which is based on the concept that particles may preserve their momentum while changing their quantum internal states in some scattering situations. It plays a significant role in theoretical physics and has numerous uses in various areas, ranging from condensed matter to string theory. The Yang-Baxter equation is linked to the universal gates from quantum computing and realizes a unification of some non-associative structures. The quantum Yang-Baxter equation led to the development of the theory of quantum groups. The theory was proposed as the language of quantum groups which is the suitable algebraic language for the solutions of quantum Yang-Baxter equation. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of Yang-Baxter equation and quantum groups. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Fractional differential equations or fractional order differential equations are generalized and non-integer order differential equations, which can be obtained in time and space with a power law memory kernel of the non-local relationships. They are also known as extraordinary differential equations. They are used to describe the functioning of various complex and non-local systems with memory. Fractional differential equations are applied extensively in various fields including medicine, mechanics, control theory, signal and image processing, environmental science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. Some of its prominent applications include time-space fractional diffusion equation models, acoustic wave equations for complex media and electrochemical analysis. This book covers the latest researches on the theory and applications of fractional differential equations. It strives to provide a fair idea about these equations and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in their study. The book is an invaluable asset for researchers working in the areas of pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics, and engineering.

Alloy refers to a mixture of two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal. Alloy steels are the steels that are made by combining steel with other alloying elements in order to change their properties such as hardness, toughness, strength and wear resistance. Some of the common alloying elements include chromium, nickel, manganese, tungsten and vanadium. Alloy steels are classified into three types including low alloy steels, high alloyed steels and micro-alloyed steels. They are used for producing heating elements for appliances such as pans and pots, toasters, corrosion-resistant containers, and silverware. Alloy steels are also used as skeleton frames in the construction of skyscrapers, bridges, stadiums, and airports. This book explores all the important aspects of alloy steels in the present day scenario. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

The field of study which focuses on numbers, formulas and associated structures, shapes and the spaces which contained them, and quantities and their changes is known as mathematics. Advanced mathematics is involved in the study of problems which cannot be solved using basic mathematical methods. They require a detailed understanding of the fundamentals of mathematics and advanced mathematical models. The advanced mathematical methods are involved in the study of several topics in linear algebra and multivariate calculus. Some applications of these models are in areas such as statistics, operations research, computer science, econometrics, and mathematical economics. This book outlines the mathematical methods, systems and applications used in advanced mathematics in detail. It consists of the contributions made by scientists and leading experts in advanced mathematics. The book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The synthesis of nanoparticles can be done using biological, physical and chemical pathways. Green synthesis of nanomaterials refers to the synthesis of diverse metal nanoparticles utilizing bioactive agents. These include microorganisms, plant materials, and several biowastes such as eggshells, vegetable waste, agricultural waste, and fruit peel trash. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is aimed to reduce waste and develop sustainable techniques. It is a bottom-up strategy in which nanoparticles are synthesized by oxidation/reduction of metallic ions through organic moieties derived from biological resources. Microorganisms such as actinomycetes, fungi, algae, bacteria and yeast may be found in these biological systems. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the green synthesis of nanomaterials, their characterization and applications. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying the green synthesis of nanomaterials.

An alloy refers to a type of mixture made up of chemical elements. It contains atleast one metal. Alloys are used widely as construction materials in many industries. The manufacturing technology, the chemical composition, and (micro) structure of the alloy, all influence the functional qualities of these materials. Some of the popular alloys are steel, brass, bronze, and sterling silver. They have a wide range of applications in the making of tools and automobiles. They are also used within the aerospace industry. Research in this field focuses on improving the functional qualities of construction materials in order to lower their weight and boost their safety of usage. Alloying elements are combined with the base metal in order to obtain various desired qualities such as toughness, hardness, and ductility. This book explores all the important aspects of engineering alloys in the present day scenario. It contains a detailed explanation of their structure and properties. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Asphalt is a dark, sticky, highly viscous liquid or a semi-solid that is made of petroleum. It can be derived from natural deposits or as a residue of the distillation process of petroleum. It is used as a sustainable paving solution composed of filler, aggregates, and binder. It has various types such as mastic asphalt, natural asphalt, cutback asphalt, residual asphalt, asphalt emulsion, and asphalt cement. It becomes soft when heated and is elastic under some circumstances. It is primarily utilized in road constructions as a binder or glue mixed with aggregate particles to make asphalt concrete. Asphalt is also used for bituminous waterproofing products such as manufacturing of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of the technology and materials associated with asphalt. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Titanium alloys are typically stronger than aluminum alloys and are lighter than steel. They have exceptional corrosion resistance and high tensile strength at extreme temperatures. They are used in numerous industries such as transportation industry, chemical industry, aerospace industry, and power generation industry. They can be easily welded and have exceptional formability. Titanium alloys have long been utilized for treating traumatic bone fractures. They are also widely utilized in the production of bone plates and metal orthopedic joint replacements. These alloys are a good substitute for stainless steel because of their easier machining capabilities, superior corrosion resistance, and lower stiffness. This book contains some path-breaking studies on titanium alloys. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective on their microstructure, properties, and applications.

Mathematical methods are widely used in various fields of science and engineering. The study of mathematical methods involves the study of multiple concepts such as advanced calculus, differential equations, complex analysis, linear algebra, and introductory mathematical physics. Linear algebra is a mathematical method that involves the study of vectors and matrices. This method has many applications ranging from mathematical physics to modern algebra and coding theory. Complex analysis or theory of functions of a complex variable is another mathematical method that studies the functions of complex numbers. Complex analysis plays a crucial role in many branches of mathematics such as algebraic geometry, number theory, analytic combinatorics, and applied mathematics. This book offers a comprehensive understanding of the essential mathematical methods. Its extensive content provides the students with a thorough understanding of various mathematical methods.

Control systems engineering refers to a field of engineering that deals with the principles of control theory in order to create systems that produce the desired behaviors in a controlled way. It focuses on the design and analysis of systems in order to increase the stability, response speed, and accuracy of the system. Control systems engineering necessitates an extensive skill set that encompasses mechanical, electrical, and software systems. The most widely used control systems include systems for controlling temperature in a building, the speed of a conveyor belt in a process plant, and chemical concentrations in drinking water. This book outlines the processes and applications of control systems engineering in detail. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Kinematics refers to the study of motion in a system of bodies, which does not directly take into account the potential fields or forces influencing the motion. It uses numbers, words, equations, diagrams, and graphs to explain the motion of objects. Kinematic motion can be influenced by three different types of forces, which include gravity, contact force, and fluid pressure. In astrophysics, kinematics is used to explain the motion of celestial bodies and groups of such bodies. Kinematics of machines is the study of the relative motion of machine parts. It entails the investigation of displacement, acceleration, position, and velocity of machine parts. The information on these aspects of machines is useful for designing the mechanism of machine. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around the kinematics of machinery. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this area of study and the recent researches in it. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Electrical machinery and power converters are the two main parts of any electrical energy conversion system. Electrical machines are used for achieving power conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. Power conversion is done with the help of a power converter. The primary function of a power converter is to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) and vice versa. It is also used to change the voltage or frequency of the current. Electrical machines use electrical energy to function. They convert mechanical energy to electrical energy or vice versa. Motors, transformers, and generators are the three primary categories of electrical machines. An electric vehicle is a type of electrical machine in which a power converter converts electrical energy stored in batteries to mechanical energy that propels the electric vehicle. This book outlines the applications of power conversion and electrical machinery in detail. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Engineering chemistry is one of the branches of engineering involved in the integrated study of organic chemistry, analytical chemistry and electrochemistry. It deals with the operation and design of chemical plants and methods to improve production. This branch employs the principles of various fields such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology and economics, in order to efficiently use, produce, design, transport and transform energy and materials. The field of engineering chemistry focuses on developing economic ways of using materials and energy. It combines chemistry and engineering to convert raw materials into usable products, such as medicine and petrochemicals. Engineering chemistry encompasses several aspects of plant design and operation, including safety and hazard assessments, process design and analysis, modeling, control engineering, chemical reaction engineering, nuclear engineering, biological engineering, construction specification, and operating instructions. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of engineering chemistry as well as its applications. It aims to equip students and researchers with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area.

Integrated circuit (IC) design refers to a branch of electronics engineering that deals with the specific logic and circuit design methods required for creating integrated circuits. They are made up of miniaturized electronic components that are assembled into an electrical network on a monolithic semiconductor substrate through photolithography. IC design has been primarily categorized into two types including analog and digital IC design. The digital IC design is generally used for the production of components like FPGAs, digital ASICs, microprocessors and memories. Digital design emphasizes on the maximization of circuit density, logical correctness, and strategically placing circuits to route timing signals and clock efficiently. Analog IC design includes the specialties of RF IC design and power IC design. Analog IC design is used for fabricating oscillators, op-amps, phase locked loops, active filters and linear regulators. The topics included in this book on the design of digital circuits are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It presents this complex topic in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

A machine refers to a physical system, which utilizes power for applying forces and regulating movement in order to complete an action. The theory of machines is an engineering science discipline that studies the relative motion of several machine parts as well as the forces acting on them. It is categorized into four branches, namely, kinetic, kinematics, statics, and dynamics. Kinematics is a branch of physics, which defines the motion of bodies along with systems of bodies without taking into account the forces responsible for moving them. It is often referred to as the geometry of motion. Dynamics as a branch of classical mechanics studies forces and their impact on motion. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory of machines. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.

Digital electronics refers to a branch of electronics concerned with the study of digital signals as well as components which use or generate them. Digital electronic circuits are typically constructed from large assemblies of logic gates which are packed in integrated circuits. The digital circuit is made up of several components serving a specific purpose. These components are classified into two types, including active components and passive components. The active components include diodes and transistors, whereas, the passive components comprise inductors, capacitors and resistors. Digital circuits are employed in a variety of fields and are an essential component of electronic gadgets. There are various applications of digital electronics including quantum computing and rocket science, traffic lights, display of digital watches and operations of automatic doors. This book unravels the recent studies on digital electronics. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

An internal combustion engine (IC engine) refers to a type of heat engine wherein the combustion of fuel occurs with the help of an oxidizer in the combustion chamber, which is a significant part of the working fluid circuit. The expansion of the high-pressure and high-temperature gases generated through combustion puts direct force on certain components of an IC engine. Usually, the force is applied to turbine blades, pistons, a nozzle, or a rotor. The component is moved across a distance by this force, which converts chemical energy into kinetic energy, which is further utilized to propel, power or move whatsoever the engine is coupled with. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about the theory and working of the internal combustion engine. The various advancements in these engines are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Circuit analysis is the process of finding all the currents and voltages in each element of an electrical or electronic circuit. Informally, circuit analysis is also known as solving a circuit. The different components of a circuit are resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes. Circuit analysis deals with the calculation of unknown electrical circuit quantities such as voltage, current, resistance, impedance, power, etc. There are two important circuit analysis laws also known as Kirchhoff's laws. These laws are the Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and the Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL). KCL is one of the fundamental laws used for circuit analysis which states that the algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must be equal to zero. KVL states that the directed sum of the potential differences (voltages) around any closed loop is zero. This book provides a comprehensive understanding to the fundamental concepts of circuit analysis. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge for all the readers.

Civil engineering refers to a professional engineering discipline concerned with the design, building and maintenance of physical and naturally created environment including dams, roads, railways, sewage systems, bridges, airports, canals, pipelines, buildings and their structural components. Civil engineering is traditionally divided into several sub-disciplines. It is related with the knowledge of materials science, structures, geology, geography, hydrology, soils, mechanics, environmental science and project management. Engineering mechanics refers to the use of mechanics to address real-world problems using fundamental engineering components. It involves the study of micro and nanomechanics, dynamics and vibrations of complex structures, mechanics of biological and energy systems, mechanical properties of materials, aero and hydrodynamics, and stress analysis of fixed and movable structures. This book provides significant information of engineering mechanics to help develop a good understanding of civil engineering. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field.

Electrical engineering refers to a branch of engineering that focuses on the design, research, and use of systems, machinery, and gadgets that rely on electromagnetism, electricity, and electronics. Instrumentation engineering is the science of measuring and controlling process variables in an industrial or production area. Electrical and instrumentation engineering (EIE) is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with managing equipment for automated control and measuring process variables inside industrial facilities. It is concerned with the design of instruments that measure physical quantities like flow, temperature, and pressure. This book contains a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of electrical and instrumentation engineering. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

A foundation refers to the part of the structure that bears the load of the superstructure (structure above the plinth level) and also transfers the load from the structure to the ground/soil. Foundation engineering is a branch of civil engineering involved in the study and design of structures below the plinth level. It deals with the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics in the design of foundation elements of structures. The design and construction of a foundation must have the power to sustain and transmit the dead and imposed loads to the soil. Foundations can be classified into four types including shallow foundations, deep foundations, monopile foundations, and individual footings. A foundation that is constructed where the hard strata are extremely near the ground surface rather than deep down the sub-layers of the ground, or the quality of the topsoil is sufficient for bearing is termed as shallow foundation. Continuous wall footings and pad or mat footings are common types of shallow foundations. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of foundation engineering. It will serve a valuable source of reference for students interested in this branch of civil engineering.

Synchrotron radiation (SR) refers to the electromagnetic radiation produced when relativistic charged particles experience an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity. It is created artificially in particle accelerators or naturally by fast electrons moving through magnetic fields. An SR source is a source that emits electromagnetic radiation (EM) through a storage ring or bending magnets for technical and scientific purposes. The techniques used in SR include imaging and microscopy, X-ray diffraction and scattering, and spectroscopy. SR has numerous applications in medical imaging, particularly, in mammography, monochromatic computed tomography, intravenous coronary angiography and bronchography. It has shown to be an extremely powerful instrument for the study of magnetic materials and phenomena due to its unique properties including adaptable time structure, wide energy spectrum, and variable light polarization. This book aims to understand the various light sources, techniques and applications of synchrotron radiation and magnetism. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Poverty refers to a situation or state in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and necessities essential for maintaining a minimum standard of living. It usually has multiple economic, social, and political causes and effects. Poverty-ridden individuals and households are often unable to make ends meet and they seldom have access to proper housing, clean water, healthy food, and medical facilities. Poverty reduction is a set of economic and humanitarian measures or policies aimed at bringing the poverty-stricken individuals out of poverty. Economic growth is the most effective tool for eliminating poverty and improving the standard of living in developing nations. It has also resulted in better access to opportunities and basic services, creation of new jobs, improved incomes, and increased pace of poverty reduction. This book discusses the current and emerging issues in poverty reduction and economic growth. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Communism refers to a far-left political, philosophical, economic and social ideology, which aims to form a communist society. It endeavors to establish a society wherein everyone benefits from labor equally, and put an end to the class system through income redistribution. Communist philosophy opposes private property and advocates collective ownership. The term intellectual refers to a person who engages in thinking about the issues within the society and proposes possible solutions for them. Intellectuals can be classified according to their ideology into communist intellectuals, liberal intellectuals, democratic intellectuals, etc. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the relationship between intellectuals and communism through this book. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

The Internet of things (IoT) refers to physical objects equipped with software, sensors, processing capability and other technologies which communicate and exchange data with other systems and devices through the Internet or other communication networks. This field has developed because of the convergence of numerous technologies, such as commodity sensors, machine learning, ubiquitous computing and increasingly powerful embedded systems. Traditional domains such as wireless sensor networks, automation, embedded systems and control systems are used extensively to support the Internet of things. The vast array of IoT device applications are categorized into industrial, consumer, infrastructural and commercial categories. This book discusses the technologies and applications of Internet of things. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Migration refers to the movement of people from one location to another for various reasons including better security, escaping poverty, pursuing higher education, finding better jobs, escaping human rights violations, and achieving socio-economic equality. Poverty is a condition of having low level of income or lack of material possessions. It can be caused due to a variety of political, social and economic factors. Socioeconomic inequality refers to a social situation in which there is a significant disparity in economic prosperity among the least and most affluent members of the society. Poverty and socioeconomic inequality can lead to migration among a population in order to seek better opportunities and living conditions. Migration, poverty, and socioeconomic inequality studies examine the effect of immigration on the labor market competition and its effect on native workers. It also examines the impact that immigration has on population and the socioeconomic status of immigrants and the natives. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the relationship between migration, poverty and socioeconomic inequality. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Southeast Asia is a diverse region, which hosts a broad range of political systems, ecosystems, economies, religions, ethnicities and languages. This diversity has resulted in the need for development, which coexists with urbanization. Southeast Asian countries have rapidly transitioned from a largely rural to a largely urban society, which has led to a rapid expansion in urban lands. These countries have the potential to change their economies by ensuring greater urbanization and joining the ranks of wealthier nations in terms of livability and prosperity. This book studies and analyses the impact of urban-rural development in Southeast Asia. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Engineering is a field of study that involves the creative application of science, mathematical methods and empirical evidence for developing products, services or processes that help solve some human problem or fulfill a human need. Entrepreneurship refers to the process of creating, launching and operating a new business in expectation of earning a profit from business activities. It is essential for achieving economic growth at domestic and global levels. It involves harnessing the business opportunities in engineering and transforming them into commercially viable and profitable innovations. A technical idea can be turned into a profitable business venture through the implementation of correct accounting practices, administrative understanding, marketing expertise, and reliable commercial operations provided through entrepreneurship. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of engineering and entrepreneurship. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.