Bøger udgivet af NY Research Press

Computer and information science (CIS) is a field of study that focuses on maximizing the effectiveness, speed and security of communications. This field integrates computing and information sciences (including informatics). Computing involves the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes and development of hardware and software. Informatics refers to the study of the behavior, interactions and structure of any system that generates, stores, processes, and presents information. Computer science focuses on the use of technology for problem-solving whereas information science focuses on problem solving by organizing, sharing, and interpreting information. Some of the major areas of study within this field are computer algorithms and computational logic, computer architecture and programming theory. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of computer and information sciences which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets students and professionals.

The use of computers to design two-dimensional or three-dimensional models of physical objects is known as computer-aided design. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems and software are used to prepare drawings and specifications in architecture, electronics and automotive engineering. Mathematical models and numerical functions are crucial components of the three-dimensional (3D) models. Raster and vector graphics are the two methods of CAD. The function of raster graphics is to save the image in a matrix as a series of dots or pixels. Images are saved as collections of lines, circles, and intersecting angles within vector graphics. CAD software are used within different engineering disciplines to visualize product designs in 3D. The recent advancements in CAD technology include augmented and virtual technologies, synchronous modeling, topology improvement, and generative design. This book outlines the techniques and applications of computer-aided design in detail. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, its contents will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

School buildings can be defined as establishments where education is imparted to children. Essential components of a school building are classrooms, subject rooms, playground, hostels, school libraries, laboratories, school office and assembly hall. A school building must include a variety of spaces for education along with space for recreational activities that foster a positive pedagogical environment for children. Classrooms are the most important components of a school. A classroom should be designed considering certain factors. The foremost factor is the size of the class. It should have adequate space for students and teachers to sit, stand and move freely for using maps, charts and pictures. The rooms should have adequate number of doors, and windows for admitting fresh air and light from outside. This book explores all the important innovations related to the design and construction of school buildings in the present day scenario. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Conflict management refers to the practice of resolving disagreements and disputes between two or more parties. It involves the steps taken to prevent a conflict at the correct time and also aids in resolving the conflict in a smooth and efficient manner. It seeks to reduce the detrimental elements impacting the conflict and encourage all participants to reach an agreement. Peacebuilding is a long-term process that takes place after a violent conflict has slowed or stopped. It focuses on ending conflicts and avoiding future tensions by addressing the root causes of the current issues. Conflict resolution and transformation, conflict management, conflict prevention, and post-conflict reconciliation are all important aspects of peacebuilding. This book discusses the fundamental as well as modern approaches to conflict management and peacebuilding. It presents these topics from a geopolitical perspective. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Computer system verification is an activity that involves assessing the consistency, completeness, and correctness of the software and its supporting documentation while it is being developed. It confirms and reviews the tasks within the computer system validation process. Computer system validation (CSV), or software validation, is the process for verifying that a computer system is able to perform its intended use, and can function as expected. The classic "V Diagram" is the most common methodology used for validation projects. This methodology involves various stages, namely, validation planning, user requirements specification (URS), functional specifications, design specifications, system build, installation qualification tests (IQ) Tests, operational qualification (OQ) Tests, performance qualification (PQ) Tests, and reporting. This book aims to shed light on the verification and analysis of computer systems. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area of computer science at various levels.

There are certain behaviors in society that are considered to be in violation of the established laws. In order to maintain law and order, the legal structure of the country criminalizes such behaviors. Criminal law serves as a principal tool to combat crime, punish and reform the criminals, and maintain the law and order in the society. Criminal justice systems refer to the government agencies that are responsible for enforcing law, adjudicating crime and correcting criminal conduct. These agencies have been established for maintaining social control and introducing reforms. Law enforcement, prosecution, courts, corrections and rehabilitation are important constituents of the criminal justice system. Its primary objectives are to prevent the occurrence of the crime, to punish and rehabilitate the transgressors, compensate the victims, and deter the criminals from indulging in unlawful acts in the future. In the United States, exclusionary rule is a constitutional law that prevents evidence obtained by the government in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law. This book presents studies related to criminal justice systems and the exclusionary rules which are of utmost significance in modern times. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The discipline which involves the study of information, computation and automation is known as computer science. It can be broadly divided into theoretical computer science, applied computer science and computer systems. Theoretical computer science (TCS) refers to a branch of mathematics and computer science that focuses on the mathematical aspects of computer science such as type theory, lambda calculus and the theory of computation. Applied computer science encompasses software engineering, Image and sound processing, and computer graphics. Software engineering is a subfield of computer science which focuses on the design, development, testing, distribution and maintenance of software products. This book explores all the important aspects of theoretical computer science and software engineering in the present day scenario. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Intelligent data analysis (IDA) is a method for discovering useful and intriguing information from data to aid in decision making. An IDA task comprises prediction, knowledge discovery, process or system modeling, and constructing knowledge based systems. There are numerous applications of IDA methods in various fields, including finance, marketing, agriculture, and medicine. The demand and availability of more advanced IDA methods has grown in response to the rapidly increasing volume of real-time data that is generated due to an increase in the usage of electronic commerce, web, and multimedia technologies. There are a number of challenges in the application of IDA methods in real-world, such as lack of tools suitable for large data, and lack of user friendly and effective post processing tools. The other challenges include lack of a truly integrated data analysis environment and lack of efficient and automatic preprocessing tools. This book elucidates the challenges and solutions with respect to intelligent data analysis. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights on this subject.

Computer engineering is a subfield of electrical engineering that combines the fields of electronics engineering and computer science required for creating computer software and hardware. The set of instructions that is stored and helps run the hardware comprise the software components. The physical parts of a computer such as mouse, the central processing unit (CPU), storage, and printer are the hardware components. The main activities of computer engineering include designing, developing and testing computer hardware and software. They also analyze and evaluate the results of computer testing, and update the outdated equipment so that it can become compatible to be utilized with new software or hardware. Computer engineering is further subdivided into various sub-areas including machine intelligence, embedded systems, automation, cybersecurity, networking, and software engineering. This book aims to shed light on the various software and hardware systems used in computer engineering. It traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

A programming language refers to a set of rules for converting strings or graphical program elements to several types of machine code output. They are used to implement algorithms in computer programming. The description of a programming language is typically divided into two components, which include semantics and syntax, that are normally defined by a formal language. Specification document defines the programming language in certain cases, while some languages have dominant implementation which is treated as reference. Some languages have both, where basic language is defined by a standard and extensions derived from the dominant implementation. Programming language theory is a sub discipline of computer science concerned with the design, implementation, characterization, development, analysis and categorization of programming languages. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements related to the theoretical and practical aspects of programming languages. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of computer science as well as for experts.

An automotive engine is a machine which provides the motive power for airplanes and automobiles. It is characterized by a high power to weight ratio that is achieved by using a high rotational speed. There are various kinds of automotive engines such as internal combustion engines, steam engines and electric motors. An internal combustion engine is a motor that produces power by the expansion of gas that is created by the combustion of hydrocarbon gases. Fuels such as diesel, gasoline and ethanol are used by internal combustion engines. Steam engines transform heat into mechanical motion, while the electric motor operates through the interaction between the magnetic field and electric current of a motor in a wire winding to produce force in the form of rotation of the shaft. The various types of automotive engines along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of these engines. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Algebra is primarily concerned with the study of mathematical symbols as well as the rules that operate such symbols. It is applied in most of the sub-domains within mathematics. Algebra makes use of letters to denote numerical values. Some of the major branches of algebra are elementary algebra and abstract algebra. Elementary algebra focuses on the study of variables and polynomials. Abstract algebra studies the abstraction such as groups, rings and fields as well as elementary equation solving. It is applied in the study of various fields such as algebraic topology and algebraic number theory. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of algebra. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Astrodynamics is the term used to describe the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the problems concerned with the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. Ballistics is a mechanical field that deals with the science of designing and accelerating the projectiles to achieve the desired performance. Celestial mechanics is an astronomical branch that focuses on the motion of objects in outer space. Their motion is calculated on the basis of Newton's laws of motion and laws of universal gravitation. Numerous complex calculations related to escape velocities, trajectories and orbits take place within this field. While understanding the long-term perspectives of astrodynamics, this book makes an effort in highlighting its impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It unravels the recent studies in the field of astrodynamics. This book serves as a resource guide for both students and experts and contributes to the growth of the discipline.

Atomic physics deals with the study of atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic models in this discipline consist of a single nucleus that can be surrounded by one or more bound electrons. These electrons exist in a notional shell around the nucleus, and are considered to be in bound state. Atomic physics deals with the study of processes such as ionization and excitation by photons and collisions with atomic particles. The process of ionization involves an atom or molecule obtaining negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons. Atomic physics is closely related to the fields of molecular and optical physics. This book explores all the important aspects of atomic physics in the present day scenario. The topics covered herein deal with the core subjects of this field. The coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The field of physics which studies atomic nuclei, and their constituents and interactions is known as nuclear physics. Advancements in the field of nuclear physics have led to the development of many new fields such as nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear medicine and radiocarbon dating. Evolution in nuclear physics has also led to the conception of the field of particle physics. There are several aspects which are studied in this discipline such as nuclear decay, nuclear fusion, nuclear fission and the production of heavy elements. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core subjects of nuclear physics. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The branch of physics which focuses on the study of the nature of particles which comprise radiation and matter is known as particle physics. It also studies the fundamental interactions which are necessary to explain the behavior of the irreducibly small particles. Some of the subatomic particles studied within this field are protons, electrons, neutrons, quarks and leptons. The classification of these particles is done using the theory of the Standard Model of particle physics. There are numerous other theories which are also studied within this field like quantum field theory, effective field theory and lattice field theory. Particle physics is applied in varied sectors such as medicine, computing and national security. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to particle physics. It is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Probability and Statistics are two closely related sub-disciplines of mathematical. Statistics is a mathematical branch that deals with data collection, organization, interpretation, presentation and analysis. There are two main statistical methods used in data analysis - descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics summarize the data from a sample by using indexes like mean and standard deviation, whereas, inferential statistics concludes data that is subject to random variations. Probability is a measure that quantifies the likelihood that events are going to occur. It measures the quantity as a number between 0 and 1 that respectively indicate the impossibility and certainty of an event. Probability distributions are commonly used for statistical analysis. Both these topics are often studied in conjunction with one another. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of probability and statistics and their utmost significance in modern times. This book attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into these areas.

The application of solid-state electronics for controlling and converting electric power is referred to as power electronics. Modern power electronics systems use semiconductor switching devices such as diodes, thyristors and power transistors to perform the conversion. The power conversion systems can be classified into various categories such as AC to DC, DC to AC, DC to DC and AC to AC. AC to DC converter is found in many consumer electronic devices such as television sets, battery chargers and personal computers. DC to AC converters are known as power inverters. They are used in numerous devices such as adjustable speed drives, uninterruptible power supplies and flexible AC transmission systems. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to modern power electronics. Different approaches, evaluations and principles related to this field have been included herein. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The design and discovery of new materials, specifically solids, is referred to as materials science and engineering. It is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses various fields including physics, chemistry and engineering. It also includes metallurgy, ceramics, solid state physics and chemistry. Material science is concerned with understanding how the structure, performance and properties of a material are affected by its processing history. The understanding of the relationship between various characteristics of the material is known as materials paradigm. The different materials studied within this field are broadly classified into crystalline and amorphous materials. Some of the major types of materials studies within this field are nanomaterials, biomaterials, semiconductors, metals and ceramics. This textbook attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of materials science and engineering, and how such concepts have practical applications. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this field. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Rotating machinery constitutes a major and integral component of a broad range of mechanical systems in a variety of areas such as industrial plants, vehicles and household appliances. They are generally made up of two main parts, the stator and the rotor. The stationary part of the machinery is known as the stator while the non-stationary part is called the rotor. A few examples of rotating machines are steam turbines, gas turbines, gearboxes and aircraft engines. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels. The topics included in it on rotating machinery are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

The branch of physics that focuses on the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids and solids is referred to as acoustics. It includes topics such as vibration, sound, infrasound and ultrasound. Acoustics is used in numerous industries such as audio and noise control industries. It is also used in various other sectors such as medicine, architecture, industrial production and warfare. A few of the major sub-disciplines of acoustics are archaeoacoustics, architectural acoustics, aeroacoustics and psychoacoustics. Archaeoacoustics involves the testing of the acoustic properties of prehistoric sites. Architectural acoustics seeks to control and regulate sound within a building. Aeroacoustics studies the noise produced by air movement and psychoacoustics deals with the perception of sounds by humans. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the field of acoustics. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

The branch of physics which is intended for a particular practical or technological use is termed as applied physics. It is rooted in the fundamental concepts of the physical sciences but focuses on the utilization of scientific principles in actual devices and systems. It functions as a bridge between physics and engineering. Applied physics contributes significantly towards technological advances such as the development of electronics and photonics. It is also involved in the improvement of practical investigations such as experimental particle physics and experimental nuclear physics. Some of the other major research areas where applied physics is used are microscopy, semiconductors, electromagnetic propulsion and lasers. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of applied physics and technology. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

A ceramic is a solid material which comprises of an inorganic compound. Such an inorganic compound can be made up of metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. Earthenware and brick are some common examples of ceramics. In terms of crystallinity, ceramic materials can range from completely amorphous to semi-crystalline, and highly oriented. Earthenware, stoneware and porcelain are examples of fired ceramics which are either vitrified or semi-vitrified. Most ceramic substances exhibit some common properties such as high melting temperature, low ductility, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and poor conductivity. There are various options for the composition and structure of a ceramic due to the broad range of available combinations of elements, bonding and levels of crystallinity. Accordingly, the hardness and toughness of different ceramics can vary considerably. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on ceramics have been included in this book. Those with an interest in the field of ceramics would find this book helpful.

Mobile network is a communication network which is distributed over land areas by cells. These cells are provided with network coverage by base transceiver stations. These can be used further for transmission of data and voice. Mobile communication helps us in communicating with others in different locations without the use of wires and cables. Mobile networks are the backbone of telecommunications. There are several standards of digital cellular networks. These include GSM, CDMA, VoLTE, etc. The set of frequency ranges which fall within the ultra high frequency band are known as cellular frequencies. They are assigned for mobile phones so that it can connect it to cellular networks. These networks have evolved through generations. These generations are 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G, and the latest technology is 5G. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to mobile communications and networks. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

The application of physics, engineering mathematics, materials science and engineering for designing, analyzing, maintaining and manufacturing mechanical systems is known as mechanical engineering. It makes use of core principles from a large number of areas such as structural analysis, mechanics, dynamics and thermodynamics. Structural analysis is devoted towards analyzing the reasons behind the failure of objects and fixing them. Mechanics studies the forces as well as the effect they have on matter. Mechanical engineering is used to analyze and design heating and cooling systems, industrial equipment, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, medical devices, etc. Its principles are applied in numerous fields such as robotics, bioengineering, tribology and nuclear engineering. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of mechanical engineering. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights in this field. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The nature of interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation can be understood with the technique of spectroscopy. It is an exploratory tool used in the fields of astronomy, physics and chemistry to study the composition, electronic structure and physical structure of matter at the atomic and molecular scales, even over astronomical distances. Spectroscopy can be studied with variations in the type of radiative energy used to interact with matter, the nature of the interaction and the type of material used. Depending on these interactions, spectroscopy can be of different types, such as microwave spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, atomic spectroscopy, molecular spectroscopy, etc. It may be used for varied purposes, such as measuring toxic compounds in blood or different compounds in food, exploring electronic structures and conducting elemental analysis, etc. Spectrometers, spectral analyzers and spectrophotometers are some common devices used to achieve spectral measurement. This book unravels the recent studies in spectroscopy. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the various techniques and applications of this field. For all those who are interested in this technology, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The discipline that deals with the study of atomic, subatomic and macroscopic phenomena in chemical systems related to the concepts, practices and principles of physics is known as physical chemistry. A few of the major branches that fall under physical chemistry include chemical kinetics, thermochemistry, materials science, physical organic chemistry and biophysical chemistry. It is concerned with resolving the effects of intermolecular forces that act on the physical properties of materials. It also focuses on the effects of reaction kinetics on the rate of reaction, surface science and electrochemistry of the cell membranes. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on physical chemistry have been included in this book. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds containing carbon in covalent bonding. The study of structure defines their chemical composition and formula. The study of properties involves physical and chemical properties and evaluation of reactivity. Physical properties of organic compounds include both quantitative and qualitative features. The study of organic reactions deals with the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs and polymers. It also involves the study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and through theoretical study. Hydrocarbons and carbon-based compounds are the primary areas of the study in this domain. It also includes other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and the halogens. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of organic chemistry and the recent researches in this field. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on organic chemistry have been included in this book. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

The scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places falls under the discipline of environmental chemistry. It deals with the study of the sources, transport, reactions, effects and fates of chemical species in the air, soil and water environment. It is also concerned with the effects of human and biological activity on these. This interdisciplinary science involves aquatic, atmospheric and soil chemistry. Such activities may have an impact at a local or a global scale. Environmental chemistry plays a crucial role in the identification and detection of pollutants. It also helps in characterizing the nature and source of such pollutants. The book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of environmental chemistry and its utmost significance in modern times. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this field. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

The scientific discipline which deals with the elements and compounds that are composed of atoms, molecules and ions is known as chemistry. Their composition, structure, behavior, properties and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances are studied under chemistry. It acts as a foundation in understanding the basic and applied scientific disciplines, such as ecology, botany, geology, pharmacology, etc. Some of the important aspects studied under this discipline are chemical bonding, chemical compounds, chemical reactions, acidity and basicity, chemical equilibrium, etc. Analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, nuclear chemistry, etc. are some of the sub-disciplines of this umbrella field. This textbook is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of chemistry. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this subject. This textbook will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.