Bøger udgivet af NY Research Press

A chemical process is a method used to change the composition of one or more chemicals or materials. In a chemical process, one or several chemical unit operations may be involved. These may include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, dehydration, alkylation, esterification, polymerization, nitrification, catalysis, etc. Process design, chemical synthesis and chemical analysis are central to chemical engineering and chemical processes. While chemical synthesis involves the selection of compounds and reactions to synthesize a product, process design determines the sequencing of units for the desired transformation of a material. Chemical analysis is concerned with the identification, separation and quantification of matter. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different aspects of chemical processes and their significance. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to process design, chemical synthesis and chemical analysis. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights in the field of chemical engineering.

Agricultural chemistry deals with the study of chemistry and biochemistry in relation to agricultural production. It also focuses on the processing of raw products into foods and beverages as well as environmental monitoring and remediation. Agricultural chemistry is a multi-disciplinary field that integrates various fields such as microbiology, genetics, entomology, physiology and other sciences related to agriculture. It focuses on the relationships between plants, animals, bacteria and their environment. Agricultural chemistry studies the various life processes by which humans get food and fiber. As an applied science it works on the processes to increase yields and reduce costs. Chemurgy is an important branch of this discipline that deals with the usage of agricultural products as chemical raw materials. Agricultural chemistry aims to expand the understanding of causes and effects of biochemical reactions related to the growth of plants and animals in order to develop the chemical products that will help in establishing the desired control of these reactions. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of agricultural chemistry. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy which applies the principles of physics and chemistry. It seeks to determine the nature of astronomical objects, instead of their positions or movement in space. There are several objects studied under this discipline such as stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets and cosmic microwave background. It aims to examine various properties of these objects, such as luminosity, density, temperature and chemical composition, as well as their emissions. There are two major divisions within this field- observational astrophysics and theoretical astrophysics. The former focuses on recording data, and the latter deals with finding out the measurable implications of physical models. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of astrophysics. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to astrophysics. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

The process of developing a mathematical model is known as mathematical modeling. It is characterization of system that uses mathematical concepts and languages. Mathematical models are used in natural science such as physics, chemistry, earth science and biology. They are also used in social sciences such as political science, sociology, economics and psychology. Dynamical systems, statistical models, differential equations or game theoretic models are some forms of mathematical models. There are two primary mathematical modeling problems which are classified as black box models or white box models. A black-box model is a system of model in which there is no priori information available, whereas a white-box model is a system where all necessary information is available. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of mathematical modeling. The various advancements in mathematical modeling and analysis are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. For all those who are interested in this discipline, this book can prove to be an essential guide.

The study of mathematical structures which are basically discrete instead of continuous is known as discrete mathematics. The objects of study within this field possess distinct, separated values. The sets of these objects can be either finite or infinite. Some of the major topics of study within this field are combinatorics, set theory, theoretical computer science, logic, number theory and probability. Combinatorics is involved in the study of the way in which discrete structures can be arranged or combined. Set theory in discrete mathematics primarily deals with the finite sets. Principles and concepts from this field are applied in numerous areas such as cryptography, computer algorithms, programming languages and software development. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of discrete mathematics. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Optics studies the behavior and properties of light such as its interactions with matter as well as the construction of instruments that are used to detect it. It describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet and infrared light. The two major areas of study within classical optics are physical optics and geometric optics. Physical optics considers light to propagate as a wave and geometric optics believes that light travels in straight lines as rays. Modern optics studies electromagnetic and quantum properties of light. Optics is used in various disciplines such as engineering, astronomy, photography and medicine. This book presents the complex subject of optics in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

Metallurgy is a field of material science and engineering that focuses on the study of physical and chemical properties of metallic elements. It studies their inter-metallic compounds and mixtures, known as alloys. It is primarily used to separate metals from their ores. The discipline of metallurgy is sub-divided into physical and chemical metallurgy. The Physical field systematically considers physical properties of metals and alloys, while chemical metallurgy is concerned with obtaining metals from their ores and analyzing their reactions. Metallurgy is further subdivided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy which are respectively known as black and colored metallurgy. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of Metallurgy. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Nanomaterials are the materials of which the size of a single unit is between 1 to 1000 nm. Research in nanomaterials uses material science as the basis to approach nanotechnology. Materials which have configurations at nanoscale often have unique electronic, optical or mechanical properties. On the basis of the sources, nanomaterials are classified into three types- engineered, incidental and natural. The nanomaterials which have been intentionally engineered and manufactured by humans to have specific properties are known as engineered nanomaterials. Incidental nanomaterials are produced during mechanical or industrial processes as a byproduct. The natural and functional nanomaterials which are found in biological systems are known as natural nanomaterials. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of nanomaterials. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

The process through which a liquid material is delivered into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the intended shape, and then being allowed to cool is known as casting. It is generally used to produce sophisticated shapes which are difficult or uneconomical to make using other methods. Metals and other time setting materials are usually used for casting. It is used in the making of a variety of products such as bronze structures, concrete structures, collectible toys, weapons and tools. The traditional methods of casting are lost-wax casting, sand casting and plaster mold casting. The modern casting processes are classified into two categories, expendable and non-expendable casting. The topics included in this book on casting are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied branches that fall under this category. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Welding is a sculptural or fabrication process where materials such as thermoplastics and metals are joined. The joining process makes use of heat to melt the parts. The subsequent cooling of these parts causes fusion. Different sources of energy can be used for welding such as electric arc, gas flame, laser and electron beam. Arc welding is a type of welding where electric current is used to maintain an electric arc between the base material and an electrode in order to melt the metal at the welding point. A few subtypes of arc welding are gas tungsten arc welding and gas metal arc welding. The topics included in this book on welding are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to welding. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field.

The human-computer interaction where the computer is typically designed to be transported during regular usage, is known as mobile computing. It allows the transmission of data, video and voice. The three aspects of mobile computing are mobile software, mobile communication and mobile hardware. Some of the main principles which lie behind mobile computing are portability, social interactivity, connectivity and individuality. Mobile computing makes use of primarily three different forms of wireless data connections. These are cellular data services, Wi-Fi connections and satellite internet access. Cellular data services, in turn, make use of different technologies like CDMA, GSM, EDGE and LTE. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of mobile computing and related fields. It includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

A ceramic is an inorganic non-metallic compound which exists in solid state. It could be made up of metal, metalloid or non-metal atoms which are bonded through ionic and covalent bonds. Ceramic materials are usually hard and brittle. They are not easily corroded by acidic or caustic environments and can generally withstand large amounts of heat. Ceramics are classified into two types on the basis of materials- crystalline ceramics and non-crystalline ceramics. Crystalline ceramics are difficult to process. Non-crystalline ceramics are easier to process since they are formed from melts. Thus, they can be melted and then cast into desired shapes. A few applications of ceramics are carbon-ceramic brake disks for vehicles, ceramic ball bearings and bio-ceramics. The objective of this book is to give a general view of the different areas of ceramics. Some of the diverse topics covered in it address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The technical discipline which deals with the designing, study and application of systems or equipment that make use of electricity, electromagnetism and electronics is known as electrical engineering. Some of the sub-fields of electrical engineering are radio-frequency engineering, power engineering, instrumentation, telecommunications, signal processing and computer engineering. Radio-frequency engineering deals with the application of antenna, waveguide, transmission line and electromagnetic field principles in order to design devices which utilize or produce signals inside the radio band. The generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as designing related equipment are studied within power engineering. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of electrical engineering. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

An electrical power system refers to a network that uses, supplies and transfers electric power using electrical components. An electrical grid is an electric power system. It constitutes of generators, transmission systems and a distribution system. A power system ideally consists of power sources, loads, conductors, power electronics, capacitors and reactors, protective devices, etc. Power systems can be of different types depending on their design and mode of operation. Some common types are residential and commercial power systems. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in electrical power systems. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of power systems and the recent researches in this technology. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of electrical, electronic and power engineering, this book targets students and professionals.

Any media that is encoded in machine-readable formats is known as digital media. It can be created, distributed, viewed, modified and preserved on digital electronic devices. Software, digital video, digital images, web pages and websites, video games as well as social media, digital audio, data and databases are some common examples of digital media. Digital communication refers to the transmission of information through methods in which data is encoded into a binary code and then transmitted to other devices, which decode the data into a format that can be understood by the receiver. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of digital media and communication. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

The media that use and electronic devices to access the content is known as electronic media. The most commonly used electronic media include audio and video recordings, multimedia presentations, CD-ROM, slide presentations and online content. Electronic media can be in analog electronic data or in digital electronic data format. Devices that are used in the electronic communication processes such as telephone, desktop computer, radio, television, game console and handheld device, are also considered as electronic media. The distribution of video or audio content to a wide audience through mass communication medium is referred to as broadcasting. Electronic broadcasting includes radio broadcasting, film and TV broadcasting and the use of social media communication. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of electronic media and broadcasting. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and their applications. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

Nuclear physics is the study of the atomic nucleus, and its constituents and interactions. It is concerned with diverse nuclear phenomena, such as nuclear decay and radioactivity, nuclear fission and fusion, nucleosynthesis, etc. This field has brought about advancements in the spheres of medicine, energy, agriculture, engineering, archaeology and geology. Such innovations include nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance imaging, radiocarbon dating, nuclear power, nuclear weapons, etc. Most of the current understanding of particle physics is derived from in-depth studies of nuclear physics. The research in nuclear physics concerns the study of nuclei under extreme conditions of high spin and excitation energy. Nuclei may have extreme neutron-to-proton ratios, or these may be created with artificially induced fusion or nucleon transfer reactions. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of nuclear physics. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies in this field have been included herein. This book is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts.

The mathematical study of continuous change is known as calculus. There are two major divisions of calculus, known as differential calculus and integral calculus. The instantaneous rates of change and the slope of curves is studied under differential calculus. Integral calculus deals with the accumulation of quantities and areas between and under the curves. The link between these two branches is known as the fundamental theorem of calculus. This theorem states that differentiation and integration are inverse operations. Calculus finds its application in every field where a problem can be mathematically modeled and where an optimal solution is sought. Therefore, it is used in all branches of physical science, actuarial science, computer science, statistics, engineering and a variety of other disciplines. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of calculus. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

The discipline that is involved in developing and applying mathematically rigorous methods, computational algorithms and modeling insights to address real world problems is known as applied mathematics. It combines mathematical science and specialized knowledge for solving issues in fields like engineering, medicine and science. It is used in a wide range of situations such as predicting the behavior of financial markets, analyzing the flow of fluids around solids and constructing methods for multi criteria decision making. Some of the mathematical sciences which are closely associated with applied mathematics are scientific computing, statistics and actuarial science. This book elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the subject, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

In the modern world, perhaps the most commonly used device is the mobile phone. More and more businesses and users are using smartphones for communication, and organization and planning of their work. Such technologies are bringing about marked changes in the organization of information systems which places data at risk. This is because smartphones store and collect sensitive information that compromises the privacy and security of the individual as well as the intellectual property of the company. This makes mobile security an increasingly important aspect in mobile computing. As smartphones are a point of access to the Internet, they can also be attacked with malware. Ransomware, viruses and Trojans, and spyware are examples of malware. Many of the security threats can be managed through rootkit detectors, memory protection, file systems permissions mechanisms, antivirus and firewall, safeguards in network routing points, etc. The ever-growing need of advanced technology is the reason that has fueled the research in the field of mobile security in recent times. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of mobile security which will be crucial for the progress of this domain in the future. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The transmission of signals, signs, messages, images, words and sounds by wire, radio, optical and other electromagnetic systems is known as telecommunications. The information is transmitted via transmission media or through electromagnetic radiation. The transmission paths are divided into communication channels in order to facilitate multiplexing. The technologies of telecommunication are broadly divided into wireless and wired methods. Some of the common media which make use of principles from telecommunications are telephone, radio, television, internet, local area network, etc. The three main elements of a telecommunication system are transmitter, transmission medium and receiver area. Transmitter is used to take information and convert it to a signal. The transmission medium carries the signal, and the receiver takes the signal from the channel and converts it to usable information for the recipient. The topics included in this book on telecommunications are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It covers in detail some existing theories and innovative concepts related to this field. This textbook attempts to assist those with a goal of delving into this field.

Signals can be broadly defined as functions that convey information regarding the attributes or behavior of some phenomenon, with respect to sound, images or biological measurements. Signal processing is a sub-field of electrical engineering, mathematics and information engineering that is concerned with the analysis, synthesis and modification of such signals. It can be of different types, such as analog signal processing, discrete-time signal processing, digital signal processing and continuous-time signal processing, among others. It has prominent applications in the fields of speech signal processing, video processing, audio signal processing, image processing, wireless communication, control systems, process control, array processing, etc. This book outlines the techniques and applications of signal processing in detail. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

A control system which operates on fuzzy logic is known as a fuzzy system or a fuzzy control system. Fuzzy logic is a mathematical system which does not operate on absolute binary values of 0 or 1, but instead analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1. Fuzzy systems have found a variety of uses in different fields, from vacuum cleaners to autofocusing cameras and air conditioners. The design of the fuzzy control system is based on empirical methods, which is basically a methodical approach to trial and error. Fuzzy control systems is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

The heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer inside a combustion chamber is known as internal combustion engine. Inside an internal combustion engine, the combustion produces the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases. This applies direct force to some components of the engine such as turbine blades, pistons, rotor or nozzle. This force moves the components to a distance by transforming chemical energy into mechanical energy. Internal combustion engine can be classified into reciprocating, rotary and continuous combustion. The reciprocating piston engines are the most commonly used engines for land and water vehicles. Rotary engines are used in some aircraft, automobiles and motorcycles. The topics included in this book on internal combustion engine are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It outlines the processes and applications of such engines in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

A device that releases a beam of coherent light through optical amplification is called a laser. Laser stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. There are various components of a laser. It consists of gain medium, high reflector, laser pumping energy, laser beam and output coupler. The scientific study of theory and practice of lasers is known as laser science. Lasers have high temporal coherence. It allows them to emit light with a narrow spectrum. Laser beam profiler is used in measuring width, divergence and intensity profile of laser beams. Various types of lasers include gas lasers, semiconductor lasers, solid-state lasers, etc. Lasers are used in weapons, DNA sequencing instruments, printing, cutting and welding, lithography, small hand-held devices like laser pointers, etc. Laser medicine is the use of laser in medical diagnosis, treatments and therapies such as laser mammography, laser hair removal, laser surgery, etc. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of laser science. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied branches that fall under this category. This book is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on lasers.

A system of electrical components and conductors through which electrical current flows is known as a circuit, or an electronic circuit. Some of the different components which can be a part of circuits are transistors, inductors, capacitors, resistors and diodes. There are a variety of operations which can be performed through the use of circuits such as amplifying signals and moving data. Circuits can either be constructed of individual connected wires or the interconnections can be made upon laminated substrates using photolithographic techniques. Some of the different types of circuits which are used to test new designs are perfboards, breadboards and stripboards. These circuits are easy to redesign, making it easy for designers to make changes quickly. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of circuits and their systems. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

A spacecraft is a machine that is created to fly in the outer space. There are numerous purposes for which spacecrafts are used, such as space colonization, communications, meteorology, navigation, transportation, Earth observation, etc. There are two types of spacecrafts, crewed and unmanned. Spacecraft engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the development and creation of spacecraft. Its designing involves various technological and engineering disciplines such as aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics, materials science, manufacturing and structural analysis. The interaction between these technologies is known as spacecraft engineering. Some of the elements of spacecraft engineering include aerodynamics, aircraft structures, aero elasticity, avionics, aero acoustics, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of spacecraft engineering. It is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of spacecraft engineering. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for expert.

Public transportation is the transport of passengers using group travel systems operating on established routes managed on a schedule for a fee. The public transport used globally includes passenger trains, city buses, trams, rapid transit, trolley buses and ferries. Between cities, travel can be accommodated by intercity rail, airlines and coaches. Public transport systems are characterized by set embarkation/disembarkation points and prearranged time tables. Public transport infrastructure is vital for the smooth transportation of people. This can be exclusive or shared with freight and private transport. This book provides comprehensive insights into the planning, operations and management of public transportation. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of this area of study. For all readers who are interested in public transportation, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The field of analytical chemistry is concerned with the separation, identification and quantification of matter. It consists of a diverse range of methods, such as classical wet chemical methods and instrumental methods. Separation methods of extraction, precipitation and distillation are qualitative classical methods. Identification is generally achieved on the basis of differences in melting point, color, odor, boiling point, reactivity or radioactivity. Instrumental methods separate samples using electrophoresis, chromatography or field flow fractionation. Analytical chemistry also emphasizes on chemometrics, improvements in experimental design and creation of new measurement tools. Analytical chemistry has applications in medicine, forensics, science and engineering. This field also plays an important role in the development of nanotechnology. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of analytical chemistry and related fields. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

The method that converts a solution or mixture of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures is known as the separation process. It plays a significant role in the field of chemistry. Some chemical elements or compounds exist in an impure state of nature. Separation processes exploit differences in physical properties or chemical properties between the constituents of a mixture. They are classified according to the particular differences they use to achieve separation. Multiple operations are used if no single difference can accomplish the desired separation. For analytical or preparative purposes, separation can be done on a small scale such as in a laboratory. Large scale or intermediate scale is only considered for preparative purposes. Some of the processes used in separation chemistry include adsorption, chelation, chromatography, decantation, centrifugation, electrophoresis, fractional distillation, etc. This book explores all the important aspects of separation chemistry in the present day scenario. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.