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This book is full of essays which Arnold Schoenberg wrote on style and idea. He talks about the relationship to the text, new and outmoded music, composition in twelve tones, entertaining through composing, the relationship of heart and mind in music, evaluation of music, and other essays. Arnold Schoenberg (13 September 1874 ΓÇô 13 July 1951) was an Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. He used the spelling Sch├╢nberg until after his move to the United States in 1934 (Steinberg 1995, 463), "in deference to American practice" (Foss 1951, 401), though one writer claims he made the change a year earlier (Ross 2007, 45). Schoenberg was known early in his career for successfully extending the traditionally opposed German Romantic traditions of both Brahms and Wagner, and later and more notably for his pioneering innovations in atonality. During the rise of the Nazi party in Austria, his music was labeled, alongside swing and jazz, as degenerate art. In the 1920s, he developed the twelve-tone technique, a widely influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. He also coined the term developing variation, and was the first modern composer to embrace ways of developing motifs without resorting to the dominance of a centralized melodic idea. Schoenberg''s approach, both in terms of harmony and development, is among the major landmarks of 20th century musical thought; at least three generations of composers in the European and American traditions have consciously extended his thinking and, in some cases, passionately reacted against it. Schoenberg was also a painter, an important music theorist, and an influential teacher of composition; his students included Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Hanns Eisler, and later John Cage, Lou Harrison, Earl Kim, Wayne Barlow, and many other prominent musicians. Many of Schoenberg''s practices, including the formalization of compositional method, and his habit of openly inviting audiences to think analytically, are echoed in avant-garde musical thought throughout the 20th century. His often polemical views of music history and aesthetics were crucial to many of the 20th century''s significant musicologists and critics, including Theodor Adorno, Charles Rosen, and Carl Dahlhaus. Schoenberg''s archival legacy is collected at the Arnold Sch├╢nberg Center in Vienna.

Famous Zionist philosopher Martin Buber introduces the Western audience in his modern masterpiece. This book is a result of forty years of study, and Buber interprets the ideas and motives that underlie the great Jewish religious movement of Hasidism and its creator, Baal-Shem. Buber's interpretation of Hasidic stories and teachings influenced the revival of it's practices in a new generation to turn to Hasidic teachings, and his collection Hasidism continues to affect Jewish scholarship worldwide. With his lasting work in both Hasidism and Zionism, Buber imagined a renewal in the Jewish faith, and his philosophies and idealisms enrich the pages of this book, making it a must-read for any Jewish or religious scholar.

Karl Marx was the father of communism. Marx''s philosophy hinges on his view of human nature. Along with the Hegelian dialectic, Marx inherited a disdain for the notion of an underlying invariant human nature. Sometimes Marxists express their views by contrasting ΓÇ£natureΓÇ¥ with ΓÇ£historyΓÇ¥. Sometimes they use the phrase ΓÇ£existence precedes consciousnessΓÇ¥. The point, in either case, is that who a person is, is determined by where and when he is ΓÇö social context takes precedence over innate behavior; or, in other words, one of the main features of human nature is adaptability. Nevertheless, Marxian thought rests on the fundamental assumption that it is human nature to transform nature, and he calls this process of transformation "labour " and the capacity to transform nature labour power.

With a great clarity and from a scientific point of view, the author presents a readable survey of the whole range of Buddhist thought.

In The War Against the Jew by Dagobert D. Runes, an introduction passionately written with a cause and purpose describes the War on the Jews, the history of Jewish hatred and prejudice. After that he gives a glossary of names, places, beings, writings, and words that describe this hatred. Dagobert David Runes (January 6, 1902 ΓÇô September 24, 1982) was a philosopher and author. He is associated with The Philosophical Library, a spiritual organization and publisher. Runes was a colleague and friend of Albert Einstein. Runes is responsible for publishing an English translation of Marx''s On the Jewish Question, which he published under the title A World without Jews, and editing The Dictionary of Philosophy, published in 1942.

Ernest Wood took an interest in Zen after writing his first article on the subject for a Shanghai magazine when he was in Japan in 1920. This book gives a clear picture of Zen ideas and history and a biographical account of its growth in China and Japan.

Bergson incorporated the best of contemporary thinking in all his works. Such as A. Krauss, Delage, Freud, and W. Robert. He talks about our sensory organs (eyes) are involved in dreams that we think we preceive something but when we open our eyes it vanishes. This book is not a dictionary of dreams but a stunning example of how dreams work and function. Henri-Louis Bergson was a major French philosopher, influential in the first half of the 20th century. One of Bergson''s main problems is to think novelty as pure creation, instead of as the unraveling of a predetermined program. His is a philosophy of pure mobility, unforeseeable novelty, creativity and freedom, which can thus be characterized as a process philosophy. It touches upon such topics as time and identity, free will, perception, change, memory, consciousness, language, the foundation of mathematics and the limits of reason.

Legend of a Musical City - The Story of Vienna by Max Graf is a story of Vienna - the musical center of the world. The author has enjoyed the intimate friendship of the musical stars of the last fifty years in which this book was written. Musical stars such as Bruckner, Brahms, and Richard Strauss. He gives a delightful as well as highly educational story of the development of Austrian music. Max Graf, a composer and music critic, the father of "Little Hans," was born October 1, 1873, in Vienna, where he died on June 24, 1958. The son of Joseph Graf, a Jewish writer and editor, he was educated in Vienna and Prague. After 1891 he studied at the law school of the University of Vienna but devoted most of his time to music and it was his intention to become a composer, according to Louis Rose (1986). He finished his legal studies in 1896 but devoted much of his time to music composition and criticism, and regularly took part in meetings of the literary group Jung-Wien. From 1902 to 1938 he taught the history of music and musical aesthetics at the Vienna Academy of Music, where he was appointed professor in 1909. Graf met Sigmund Freud in 1900 and his wife, Olga Graf (born Olga Hoenig), from whom he separated a few years later, was probably a patient of Freud''s. Within the psychoanalytic movement he is known for being the father of "Little Hans," Herbert Graf, who was born in 1903. It was Max who supplied Freud with the material for his paper "The Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year Old Boy" (1909b). At the end of 1904, he took part in sessions of the Wednesday Psychoanalytic Society and, in December 1907, wrote an essay entitled "Methodik der Dichterpsychologie" (Methodology of the Psychology of the Poet). In early 1906 Freud wrote a short text on a somewhat unexpected topic, "Psycopathische Personen auf der B├╝hne" (Psychopathic Characters on the Stage). The text was never published in German, but Graf, to whom Freud had given the manuscript, kept it and had an English translation published (1942a [1905-1906]). Graf emigrated to the United States in 1938 and taught until 1947 at the New School for Social Research in New York, where, in 1940, he created the first seminars in music criticism. He was a guest professor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh and at Temple University in Philadelphia. In 1947 he returned to Austria and taught music criticism at the Mozarteum in Salzburg and elsewhere. In 1953 his autobiography, Jede Stunde war erf├╝llt: Ein halbes Jahrhundert Musik- und Theaterleben (Every Minute Filled: A Half-Century in Music and Theater), was published in Vienna, where he died in 1958.

The essays in Existentialism and Modern Literature by Davis McElroy were originally written as lectures. McElroy uses the word ΓÇ£GodΓÇ¥ in the sense that God governs man from within by making each of us a unique experiment in humanity. Existentialism is a term that has been applied to the work of a number of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences, took the human subject ΓÇö not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual and his or her conditions of existence ΓÇö as a starting point for philosophical thought. The titles of these lectures are ΓÇ£The Problem of ManΓÇÖs Existence,ΓÇ¥ ΓÇ£Modern Literature: A Warning,ΓÇ¥ and ΓÇ£Existentialism and Modern Literature.ΓÇ¥

ΓÇ£On the day of German Labor, on the day of the Community of the People, the Rector of Freiburg University, Dr. Marin Heidegger, made his official entry into the National Socialist Party.ΓÇ¥ And so begins one of the most controversial philosophical texts available today. Heidegger, a German Nationalist and proud Nazi, thoroughly examines the history, the philosophy, and the rise to power of the Nazi movement in Germany. Martin HeideggerΓÇÖs distinguished Italian colleague, Professor Benedetto Croce, said of his German contemporary, ΓÇ£This man dishonors philosophy and that is an evil for politics too.ΓÇ¥ CroceΓÇÖs severe rebuke was not singular at the time when Hitlerism was rampant over Europe. It is true that among the almost one thousand professional philosophers of Germany and Austria only very few actively opposed National Socialism. On the other hand, no one degraded his historic profession in the manner Heidegger did, by becoming a spokesman for National Socialism and attempting to mold his theories into one pattern with Hitlerism. HeideggerΓÇÖs contribution to the growth and development of National Socialism was immense. In this small anthology Dr. Runes endeavors to point to the utter confusion Heidegger created by drawing, for political and social application of his own existentialism metaphysics, upon the decadent and repulsive brutalization of Hitlerism. Martin Heidegger was a philosopher most known for his contributions to German phenomenological and existential thought. Heidegger was born in rural Messkirch in 1889 to Catholic parents. While studying philosophy and mathematics at Albert-Ludwig University in Freiburg, Heidegger became the assistant for philosopher Edmund Husserl. Influenced by Husserl, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche, Heidegger wrote extensively on the quality of Being, including his opus Being and Time. He served as professor of philosophy at Albert-Ludwig University and taught there during the war. In 1933, Heidegger joined the National Socialist German WorkerΓÇÖs (or Nazi) Party and expressed his support for Hitler in several articles and speeches. After the war, his support for the Nazi party came under attack, and he was tried as a sympathizer. He was able to return to Albert-Ludwig University, however, and taught there until he retired. Heidegger continued to lecture and write until his death 1973.

Edited and compiled by William E. Galt after BurrowΓÇÖs death, Science and ManΓÇÖs Behavior: The Contribution of Phylobiology details the practices and therapies of one of the founding fathers of behavioral psychology. As a psychologist, Burrow was most interested in understanding and resolving man''s behavioral conflict. He worked to shed light on behavioral disorders through his use of group- and phylo-therapy. Join Galt on a journey through BurrowΓÇÖs theories and practices in this important early text on a groundbreaking twentieth-century methodology. Trigiant Burrow was a founder of phylobiology and was a pioneer of using phylo-analysis as a therapy tool. Burrow was a trained doctor, biologist, and psychologist who specialized in experimental psychology. He studied psychoanalysis with Carl Jung and brought the European techniques to the United States. He studied and practiced experimental and behavioral psychology in Baltimore, Maryland for most of his life.

Ex-Italian Somaliland describes the struggle of Somaliland under the Italian government, who encouraged traffic of slaves, evicted people from their land, and eventually used the colony as a base of aggression against Ethiopia. Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (May 5, 1882 ΓÇô September 27, 1960) was a notable campaigner for the suffragette movement in the United Kingdom. She was for a time a prominent left communist who then devoted herself to the cause of anti-fascism, and for peace. In the mid-1920s, Pankhurst drifted away from communist politics but remained involved in movements connected with anti-fascism and anti-colonialism. In 1932 she was instrumental in the establishment of the Socialist Workers'' National Health Council. She responded to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia by publishing The New Times and Ethiopia News from 1936, and became a supporter of Haile Selassie. She raised funds for Ethiopia''s first teaching hospital, and wrote extensively on Ethiopian art and culture; her research was published as Ethiopia, a Cultural History (London: Lalibela House, 1955). From 1936, MI5 kept a watch on Pankhurst''s correspondence. In 1940, she wrote to Viscount Swinton as the chairman of a committee investigating Fifth Columnists, sending him a list of active Fascists still at large and of anti-Fascists who had been interned. A copy of this letter on MI5''s file carries a note in Swinton''s hand reading "I should think a most doubtful source of information." After the post-war liberation of Ethiopia, she became a strong supporter of union between Ethiopia and the former Italian Somaliland, and MI5''s file continued to follow her activities. In 1948, MI5 considered strategies for "muzzling the tiresome Miss Sylvia Pankhurst". Pankhurst became a friend and adviser to the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie and followed a consistently anti-British stance. She moved to Addis Ababa at Haile Selassie''s invitation in 1956, with her son, Richard, (who continues to live there), and founded a monthly journal, Ethiopia Observer, which reported on many aspects of Ethiopian life and development. She died in 1960, and was given a full state funeral at which Haile Selassie named her ''an honorary Ethiopian''. She is the only foreigner buried in front of Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa, in the area reserved for patriots of the Italian war.

This comprehensive and detailed dictionary draws from the expertise of several contributors as well FermΓÇÖs own extensive knowledge of pastoral psychology to bring readers an excellent introduction to the field. Dictionary of Pastoral Psychology includes an extensive headword list and easy-to-use cross references of terms, and it will be an invaluable and lasting reference source to students of the field. Vergilius Ferm is the author of several reference titles in philosophy, including Dictionary of Pastoral Psychology and A History of Philosophical Systems. He taught at the College of Wooster, where he served as the head of the Department of Philosophy and was the Compton Professor of Philosophy.

This collection of reflective essays forms a “spiritual autobiography” of André Gide, a key figure of French letters André Gide, a literary and intellectual giant of twentieth-century France, mines his memories and personal observations in this collection of essays. Gide’s reflections and commentary masterfully showcase his delicate writing style and evocative sensibility, yielding new insights on writers such as Goethe and contemporaries Joseph Conrad, Nicolas Poussin, Arthur Rimbaud, and Paul-Marie Verlaine. Through it all, Gide skillfully investigates humanity’s contradictory nature and struggles to resolve the moral, political, and religious conflicts inherent in daily life.

ΓÇ£Here is the book for which all who are worrying about how to get along with Russia have been looking. It gives us fundamental insight into the Russian way of thinking and does so with rare simplicity and clarity. The portrayal is a sympathetic one throughout, and true understanding in this difficult field requires sympathy. Criticism must come too, but it will not be relevant unless it is based on such understanding as Professor Somerville here makes available.ΓÇ¥ ΓÇöProf. E. A. Burtt, Sage School of Philosophy, Cornell University

This new edition of the well-known definitive glossary provides the key to those terms in the English language that have either changed their meaning or been altogether discarded . . . Words common in the days of Chaucer, Shakespeare or Johnson . . . Even words known to Dickens and Browning, but today obsolete. A fascinating handbook, not merely for the linguist and philologist, but for everyone intrigued by the colorful, the strange and the bizarre in our language.

The great 20th century philosopher delivered these lectures in China, which are available now to the public for the first time. The lectures show Dewey at the height of his powers, discussing and criticizing various schools of philosophyΓÇöincluding his own experimental position. For the first time DeweyΓÇÖs thinking crystallized into systematic form, thus the lectures are important not only philosophically but historically. In A Survey of Greek Philosophy Dewey gives a brief but comprehensive account of Greek philosophy from prehistory through Aristotle. DeweyΓÇÖs original English notes were lost, but the material in this book has been edited and translated from Chinese newspapers of the 1920s by Professor Robert W. Clopton and Dr. Tsuin-Chen Ou. Samuel Meyer has provided a lucid and thorough introduction. Not to be missed by anyone interested in the development of DeweyΓÇÖs thought and of 20th century philosophy. ΓÇ£. . . the most complete presentation of DeweyΓÇÖs theory of the development of philosophy, in prose simpler and clearer than he himself ever provided . . . Types of Thinking deserves a place in every subject collection.ΓÇ¥ΓÇöLibrary Journal

Margaret of Cortona was an Italian penitent of the Third Order of St. Francis. She was born in Laviano, near Perugia, and died in Cortona. She was canonized in 1728. She is the patron saint of the falsely accused; hobos; homeless; insane; orphaned; mentally ill; midwives; penitents; single mothers; reformed prostitutes; third children; tramps. Saint Margaret of Cortona aroused Mauriac's interest because very little was known about her in France and because she succumbed to human love and even had a child. This interest distracted him in a time when the Germans were all over France and he followed her wherever she led him. This is the story of one such spiritual encounter.

Shostakovitch: The Man and His Work is a rich and compelling biography of one of the most famous composers of all time. Author Ivan Martynov brings together extensive research, including interviews and conversations with Shostakovitch himself, to shed light on the man behind the music. This edition was translated from the Russian by T. Guaralsky, and it includes a list of musical works. Ivan Martynov was a Russian musicologist and friend of Dmitri Shostakovitch.

Preface gives a synopsis of Spinoza, his life, and where he was at during this time period. The book gives a huge depth into Cartesian Philosophy which is the philosophical doctrine of Rene Descartes. It also speaks of metaphysics in relation to Spinoza and Cartesian Philosophy. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza''s work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. By virtue of his magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes'' mindΓÇôbody dualism, Spinoza is considered to be one of Western philosophy''s most important philosophers. Philosopher and historian Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all modern philosophers, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." All of Spinoza''s works were listed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (List of Prohibited Books) by the Roman Catholic Church. Spinoza lived quietly as a lens grinder, turning down rewards and honors throughout his life, including prestigious teaching positions, and gave his family inheritance to his sister. Spinoza''s moral character and philosophical accomplishments prompted 20th century philosopher Gilles Deleuze to name him "the ''prince'' of philosophers." Spinoza died at the age of 44 of a lung illness, perhaps tuberculosis or silicosis exacerbated by fine glass dust inhaled while tending to his trade. Spinoza is buried in the churchyard of the Nieuwe Kerk on Spui in The Hague.

The conflict between religion and science has been a perennial problem in human thought. One of the most brilliant efforts to cope with it is that of Moses Maimonides. Born in the latter part of the twelfth century (1135ΓÇô1205) when Aristotelian naturalism proclaimed its bold challenge to any revealed religion in the name of the sufficiency of reason, and its fruits, the natural sciences, Moses Maimonides led in an act of meditation that broke new ground in the understanding both of religion as well as of science. Dr. Bokser examines the basic elements of his thought and seeks to indicate what in it was of transient character and what remains cogent for the religio-cultural problem of our own time.

This debut work lays bare the early brilliance and philosophical conflicts of André Gide, a towering figure in French literature. André Gide, one of the masters of French literature, captures the essence of the philosophical Romantic in this profoundly personal first novel, completed when he was just twenty years old. Drawing heavily on his religious upbringing and private journals, The Notebooks of André Walter—with its “white” and “black” halves—tells the story of a young man pining for his forbidden love, cousin Emmanuelle. But his evocative memories and devoted yearnings, carefully crafted through quotations and diary excerpts, lead only to madness and death. Annotated with footnotes from translator and scholar Wade Baskin, this story within a story offers a unique portrait of the artist as a young man, as it reveals the key themes of self-analysis and moral conscience that Gide explores in his mature works.

Jan Holcman's Legacy of Chopin brings together Chopin's views on music, including pianism, composition, teaching, music criticism, and more. With extensive references and footnotes from the author, readers can gain unparalleled knowledge into the famous composer's theories, practices, and philosophies.

In this early yet masterful work by the philosopher of Reverence for Life, metaphysics and religion are examined using Kant’s theology as a background. No one can put aside this small book without a feeling of respect for the profundity of the young Schweitzer. First English translation.

The first book of its kind, this volume seeks to enable intelligent persons to read practically anything in the field of hypnosis. It also provides them with a substantial amount of reliable information concerning the history of hypnosis and its various contemporary uses and applications in medicine, psychology and other sciences. Moreover, it is a reference work of enduring value.

A biographical and critical study. From a life so crammed with incident, Mr. Dobrée has chosen those facts which seem most to bear on the poet’s development in life through art.

Originally published in 1800, Crimes of Passion contained eleven stories and an essay on the novel. The present book contains three (abridged) tales. In ';Florville and Courval' we find not only a reinterpretation and elaboration of the Oedipus myth, but an unforgettable illustration of Donatien Alphonse Franois de Sade's artistic creed. He was not simply an eccentric aristocrat with artistic pretensions, but a pathological rebel against the Age of Enlightenment, and a prisoner of the Prince of Darkness. Two other tales are presented here. ';Juliette and Raunai' has a historical setting. It is sentimental and melodramatic. In it, virtue does triumph, but not before the lovers have run the gamut of human suffering. ';Miss Henriette Stralson' has a contemporary setting and ranks above his historical tales. In it, virtue wins only a pyrrhic victory.

Who was William Shakespeare? Many scholars have speculated over the mystery of ShakespeareΓÇÖs identity. Was he really just a manΓÇöa poet, playwright, and favorite of the Queen? Was he a collective of writers creating the lasting works of art under this pen name? Or was he someone else entirely? The discussion of ShakespeareΓÇÖs true identity remains a topic of debate to this day, and scholars have claimed again and again that the famous bard was simply a pen name. But for whom? Author David Rhys Williams weighs in with his controversial book Shakespeare Thy Name is Marlowe. Rhys Williams summarizes the evidence and arguments that have led many contemporary scholars of the Elizabethan period to the conclusion that the man known as William Shakespeare was none other than Christopher Marlowe. One of the highlights of Rhys WilliamsΓÇÖs study is his explanation of how the charge of heresy that was leveled against Marlowe in 1593 probably led to his appropriation of the pseudonym ΓÇ£William ShakespeareΓÇ¥ as a protective deviceΓÇöone which permitted him to escape death at the stake and to continue the writing of poems and plays. Williams consults multiple sources and Marlovian scholars on the subject, and comes to his shocking conclusion: that ShakespeareΓÇÖs friend and contemporary, the poet and dramatist Christopher Marlowe, may have written ShakespeareΓÇÖs tremendous and far more famous oeuvre. Discover the truth for yourself in this probing and thorough essay. David Rhys Williams, in addition to being a Marlovian scholar, was an American Congregational and Unitarian minister. He published widely on religion, theism, and nonviolence, including three books, World Religions and the Hope for Peace, Faith Beyond Humanism, and Shakespeare, Thy name is Marlowe.

How to Improve Your Mind is an engaging philosophical text by master Enlightenment thinker Baruch Spinoza. This edition includes exclusive commentary and biographical notes written by Philosophical LibraryΓÇÖs founding publisher, Dagobert D. Runes. Baruch Spinoza (1632ΓÇô1677) is heralded as one of the most influential and radical philosophers of the Enlightenment. An expert on the Talmud and Jewish scriptures, Spinoza is known for his moral philosophy and his views on theology and ethics. He devoted his life to the study of philosophy and Judaism and wrote several philosophical texts throughout his career, including his most extensive and famous tome, Ethics.

Philosopher Joseph C. Mihalich introduces readers to the famous philosophical movements in his short guide Existentialism and Thomism. Written with a general audience in mind, readers of MihalichΓÇÖs accessible prose will build the groundwork of their knowledge in these twentieth century political ideologies. Joseph C. Mihalich was an American philosopher and author who specialized in bringing philosophy to a wider audience. In addition to Existentialism and Thomism, he wrote Sports and Athletics: Philosophy in Action.