Bøger udgivet af SAE International

Where do women fit into the automotive industry? In every possible space-including those they have yet to invent!As Katelyn Shelby Davis and Kristin Shaw demonstrate in Women Driven Mobility, women are in leadership roles in all aspects of the industry. Davis and Shaw seek bring awareness and reroute this through a series of case studies that feature women working in 11 vital pillars of the mobility industry:This book presents over 40 case studies of women leading the way mobility and automotive innovation. Through interviews with leaders across the entire spectrum of industry, readers see the impact of diverse perspectives on actual projects all over the world. From creating accessible AV transportation with May Mobility to developing safe pedestrian and bike routes through Tribal Land, Karuk Tribe to championing diversity, equity and inclusion across the industries, readers are walked through each stage of the project from analysis to conclusion.Foreword by Governor Gretchen Whitmore, State of Michigan: This is not about solving problems we anticipate tomorrow. Applied autonomy can solve real accessibility challenges facing society today.

Will Automated Vehicles be Safer than Conventional Vehicles?One of the critically important questions that has emerged about advanced technologies in transportation is how to test the actual effects of these advanced systems on safety, particularly how to evaluate the safety of highly automated driving systems. Richard Youngs Critical Analysis of Prototype Autonomous Vehicle Crash Rates does a deep dive into these questions by reviewing and then critically analyzing the first six scientific studies of AV crash rates.

With over thirty years of experience in the design, development, and patenting of some products in the field of wheel alignment, the author shares his knowledge on the importance of wheel maintenance to the overall performance of a vehicle.From the ancient bullock carts to chariots to automobiles, wheels have undergone many changes to serve the purpose of mankinds mobility. Mobility is inevitable in todays life. A world without wheels is unimaginable. Every vehicle owner expects his tires to last longer and perform better. But improper wheel alignment and wheel balancing can drastically impact the wear and tear on a tire.This book walks the readers through the basics to techniques for wheel alignment on light vehicles, commercial vehicles, and trailers. In addition, illustrations present various types of tire wear and the cause of each. Finally, the author delves into tire safety from understanding how air pressure effects a tire to the importance of tire rotation.

Mobility and transportation mean different things to people, even to those who work in various aspects of the ecosystem - from the movement of people or goods to the development of the infrastructure that enables mobility. For decades these different parts of the ecosystem have been approached as entirely independent industries, but the quickened pace of technological change has driven the need to reconsider how these distinct groups create the vibrant tapestry that is our mobility ecosystem. This book seeks to capture the varied perspectives as a collection of diverse views on the future of mobility, to provide a clearer view on the broad base of possibility and opportunity across this interconnected system.Contributors: Jonathon Baugh, Geoffrey Boquot, Reilly Brennan, Tiffany Chu, Jordan Davis, Courtney Erlichman, Elaina Farnsworth, Valerie Lefler, Wolfgang Lehmacher Mikail Lind, Shoshana Lew, Suzanne Murtha, Mary Nichols, Trevor Pawl, John Perrachio, Aishwarya Raman, Karina Ricks, Alex Roy, Avinash Ruguboor, Anthony Townsend, Marla Westervelt, and Candace Xie.

Simulation and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines provides the fundamentals and up-to-date progress in multidimensional simulation and optimization of internal combustion engines. While it is impossible to include all the models in a single book, this book intends to introduce the pioneer and/or the often-used models and the physics behind them providing readers with ready-to-use knowledge. Key issues, useful modeling methodology and techniques, as well as instructive results, are discussed through examples. Readers will understand the fundamentals of these examples and be inspired to explore new ideas and means for better solutions in their studies and work.Topics include combustion basis of IC engines, mathematical descriptions of reactive flow with sprays, engine in-cylinder turbulence, fuel sprays, combustions and pollutant emissions, optimization of direct-injection gasoline engines, and optimization of diesel and alternative fuel engines.

The objective of Manufacturing versus Corruption: Who Wins? is to use scientific methodologies and recommendations to motivate young people to participate in rendering the manufacturing ecosystem successful, by creating a socio-political stability amongst communities, counties, states, and nations in an unprecedented way. This book presents the reader with a practical approach and understanding of key scientific, industrial managerial concepts that constitute a common policy narrative to be embraced, implemented, and executed across all governmental sectors. As a tool for policy makers, the authors demonstrate the need for a digital manufacturing economy grounded in complete transparency.With over 50 years of experience in engineering and manufacturing, Ramy Harik and Joseph Khoury are on a mission to bring together science, economics, technology, and policy making so all work in tandem for the greater good. Topics include digital manufacturing economies, manufacturing ring, importance of infrastructure and power for successful manufacturing, networks and internet, manufacturing policies, economic policies, education systems, water, importance of data in the manufacturing process, good manufacturing practices, and free-market manufacturing.

A detailed understanding of the size, shape, and postures of children is required to design effective restraint systems for protecting children in motor vehicle crashes. Compiled and edited by experts in the fields of anthropometry, ergonomics, and child restraint, this book includes 14 important papers which provide a comprehensive overview of the methods for collecting, analyzing, and applying child anthropometry data for crash safety purposes.A detailed understanding of the size, shape, and postures of children is required to design effective restraint systems for protecting children in motor vehicle crashes. Compiled and edited by experts in the fields of anthropometry, ergonomics, and child restraint, this book includes 14 important papers which provide a comprehensive overview of the methods for collecting, analyzing, and applying child anthropometry data for crash safety purposes.

Condition-Based Maintenance in Aviation: The History, The Business and The Technology describes the history and practice of Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) systems by showcasing ten technical papers from the archives of SAE International, stretching from the dawn of the jet age down to the present times.By scientifically understanding how different components degrade during operations, it is possible to schedule inspections, repairs, and overhauls at appropriate intervals so that any incipient failure can be detected well in advance.Today, this includes more sensors and analytics so that periodic inspections are replaced by automated "e;continuous"e; inspections, and analytical methods that detect imminent failures and predict degradation issues more economically and efficiently.Similar concepts are also being developed for delivering prognostics functions, such as tracking of remaining useful life (RUL) of life-limited parts in aircraft engines.The discipline within CBM that deals with this is called prognostics and health management (PHM), which covers all aspects of diagnostics and prognostics, including modeling of systems and subsystems, sensing, data transmission, storage and retrieval, analytical methods, and decision making.Traditionally, nondestructive testing (NDT) methods have been employed during the major airplane checks to assess structural damage. These techniques are enhanced with in- situ sensing techniques that can continuously monitor aircraft structures and report on their health.The move to condition-based assessment of maintenance needs to be balanced by the assurance that safety is not compromised, that initial cost of new equipment is amortized by the savings, and that regulatory authorities are on board with any modifications to the planned maintenance schedule. The trend is clearly to include more CBM functions into Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) processes so better cost control can be achieved without ever comprising passenger safety.

In the coming decades, the growth in AM will likely be driven by production parts that leverage this increase in design freedom to manufacture parts of higher performance and improved material utilization. Contrary to popular opinion, however, AM processes do have their constraints and limitations - not everything can be manufactured with AM, and even when it is feasible, not everything should.Design for Additive Manufacturing: Concepts and Considerations for the Aerospace Industry, edited by Dr. Dhruv Bhate, is a collection of ten seminal SAE International technical papers, which cover AM from the perspective of the appropriateness (should) and feasibility (can) of using AM for manufacturing of parts and tooling.Although AM technologies have been around for three decades, many in the industry believe that we are merely at the beginning of the revolution in the design-driven aspects of this technology. Indeed, half the papers in this selection were published only in the past two years, and all but one in the past decade. When it comes to design for AM, it is a safe bet that the best is yet to be.

Larger airframes drove the development of electrical systems, capable of quickly and reliably starting the new higher power engines. These soon gave rise to the need for engine-mounted electrical generators as the primary source of in-flight power for the electrical loads and onboard recharging of the aircraft battery system. Of all the backup power sources, batteries represent the most common means of storing energy for auxiliary or emergency power requirements. It is not unusual for a typical commercial airliner, such as a B-737 or A-320, to have dozens of batteries on board. Over time, multiple battery chemistries were put to the test and the industry is still working on the optimal option. The lithium-ion technology has been gaining acceptance, with some important aspects to be considered: the application type, basic safety requirements and the presence or absence of humans on the vehicle. The Electrification of Civil Aircraft and the Evolution of Energy Storage, edited by Michael Waller, presents 10 seminal SAE technical papers which address multiple aspects of specific design, cell configuration and mitigation strategies in the case of battery failure. Additionally, with all the changes resulting from monitoring, control, and performance/safety test criteria, battery manufacturers have found themselves becoming systems integrators, having to quickly acquire knowledge of electronics and system modeling. As new technologies become available, industry will attempt to take advantage of all potential benefits, in a process that can have a profound impact on the product offerings that emerge and in the way business is conducted. The Electrification of Civil Aircraft and the Evolution of Energy Storage presents a solid perspective on how civil aviation has matured in its quest to develop lighter, more efficient and less polluting aircraft, and also more electric.

Modeling and simulation of batteries, in conjunction with theory and experiment, are important research tools that offer opportunities for advancement of technologies that are critical to electric motors. The development of data from the application of these tools can provide the basis for managerial and technical decision-making. Together, these will continue to transform batteries for electric vehicles. This collection of nine papers presents the modeling and simulation of batteries and the continuing contribution being made to this impressive progress, including topics that cover: Thermal behavior and characteristics Battery management system design and analysis Moderately high-fidelity 3D capabilities Optimization Techniques and Durability As electric vehicles continue to gain interest from manufacturers and consumers alike, improvements in economy and affordability, as well as adoption of alternative fuel sources to meet government mandates are driving battery research and development. Progress in modeling and simulation will continue to contribute to battery improvements that deliver increased power, energy storage, and durability to further enhance the appeal of electric vehicles.

Development of higher-voltage electrical systems in vehicles has been slowly progressing over the past few decades. However, tightening vehicle efficiency and emissions regulations and increasing demand for onboard electrical power means that higher voltages, in the form of supplemental 48 V subsystems, may soon be nearing production as the most cost-effective way to meet regulations. The displacement of high-wattage loads to more efficient 48 V networks is expected to be the next step in the development of a new generation of mild hybrid vehicles. In addition to improved fuel economy and reduced emissions, 48 V systems could potentially save costs on new electrical features and help better address the emerging needs of future drivers. Challenges to 48 V system implementation remain, leading to discussions by experts from leading car makers and suppliers on the need for an international 48 V standard. Initial steps toward a proposed standard have already been taken. So the consensus of global forecasts suggests that 48 V mild hybrids will soon come to dominate the market. Compared with 200-600 V full hybrid and battery electric vehicles, the lower-voltage approach avoids the need for high-cost safety features and large battery packs.

Software-Hardware Integration in Automotive Product Development brings together a must-read set of technical papers on one the most talked-about subjects among industry experts The carefully selected content of this book demonstrates how leading companies, universities, and organizations have developed methodologies, tools, and technologies to integrate, verify, and validate hardware and software systems. The automotive industry is no different, with the future of its product development lying in the timely integration of these chiefly electronic and mechanical systems. The integration activities cross both product type and engineering discipline boundaries to include chip-, embedded board-, and network/vehicle-level systems. Integration, verification, and validation of each of these three domains are examined in depth, attesting to the difficulties of this phase of the automotive hardware and software system life cycle. The current state of the art is to integrate, verify, validate, and test automotive hardware and software with a complement of physical hardware and virtual software prototyping tools. The growth of sophisticated software tools, sometimes combined with hardware-in-the-loop devices, has allowed the automotive industry to meet shrinking time-to-market, decreasing costs, and increasing safety demands. It is also why most of the papers in this book focus on virtual systems, prototypes, and models to emulate and simulate both hardware and software. Further, such tools and techniques are the way that hardware and software systems can be "e;"e;co-verified"e;"e; and tested in a concurrent fashion. The goal of this compilation of expert articles is to reveal the similarities and differences between the integration, verification, and validation (IVV) of hardware and software at the chip, board, and network levels. This comparative study will reveal the common IVV thread among the different, but ultimately related, implementations of hardware and software systems. In so doing, it supports the larger systems engineering approach for the vertically integrated automobilenamely, that of model-driven development.

Racing continues to provide the preeminent directive for advancing powertrain development for automakers worldwide. Formula 1, World Rally, and World Endurance Championship all provide engineering teams the most demanding and rigorous testing opportunities for the latest engine and technology designs. Turbocharging has seen significant growth in the passenger car market after years of development on racing circuits.Advances in Turbocharged Racing Engines combines ten essential SAE technical papers with introductory content from the editor on turbocharged engine use in F1, WRC, and WEC-recognizing how forced induction in racing has impacted production vehicle powertrains. Topics featured in this book include: Fundamental aspects of design and operation of turbocharged engines; Electric turbocharger usage in F1 Turbocharged engine research by Toyota, SwRI and US EPA, Honda, and Caterpillar.This book provides a historical and relevant insight into research and development of racing engines. The goal is to provide the latest advancements in turbocharged engines through examples and case studies that will appeal to engineers, executives, instructors, students, and enthusiasts alike.

Designed for the experienced practitioner, this new book aims to help reconstruction specialists with problems they may encounter in everyday analysis. The authors demonstrate how to take the physics behind accidents out of the idealized world and into practical situations. Real-world examples are used to illustrate the methods, clarify important concepts, and provide practical applications to those working in the field. Thoroughly revised, this new edition builds on the original exploration of accident analysis, reconstruction, and vehicle design. Enhanced with new material and improved chapters on key topics, an expanded glossary of automotive terms, and a bibliography at the end of the book providing further reading suggestions make this an essential resource reference for engineers involved in litigation, forensic investigation, automotive safety, and crash reconstruction. Police officers, attorneys, and insurance professionals will also find the book to be a definitive resource in reconstructing accident scenes. New Topics: Event data recorders (EDRs) Frictional drag coefficients for sliding tires Railroad grade-crossing collisions New practical applications of mathematical methods Enhanced Features: Expanded glossary of automotive terms Bibliography with further reading suggestions Improved chapters on tire forces, rollover accidents, crush energy, pedestrian collisions, vehicle dynamic simulation

The application of accelerated testing theory is a difficult proposition, yet one that can result in considerable time and cost savings, as well as increasing a products useful life. In Accelerated Testing: A Practitioners Guide to Accelerated and Reliability Testing, readers are exposed to the latest, most practical knowledge available in this dynamic and important discipline. Authors Bryan Dodson and Harry Schwab draw on their considerable experience in the field to present comprehensive, insightful views in this book.Development and quality assurance tests are defined in detail and are presented from a practical viewpoint. Included are testing fundamentals, plans and models, and equipment and methods most commonly used in accelerated testing. Individuals seeking to evaluate and improve the design lives of components and systems will find this book a valuable reference, with special attention being paid to testing in the mobility industries.

Engine failures result from a complex set of conditions, effects, and situations. To understand why engines fail and remedy those failures, one must understand how engine components are designed and manufactured, how they function, and how they interact with other engine components. To this end, this book examines how engine components are designed and how they function, along with their physical and technical properties. Translated from a popular German reference work, this English edition sheds light on determining engine failure and remedies. The authors present a selection of engine failures, investigate and evaluate why they failed, and provide guidance on how to prevent such failures. A large range of possible engine failures is presented in a comprehensive, readily understandable manner, free of manufacturer bias. The scope of engines covered includes general-purpose engines found in heavy commercial vehicles, railway locomotives and vehicles, electrical generators, prime movers, and marine engines. Such engines are technical precursors to automotive engines. This book is for all who deal with engine failures: those who work in repair shops, shipyards, engineering consultancies, insurance companies and technical oversight organizations, as well as RD departments at engine and component manufacturers. Researchers, academics, and students will learn how even the theoretically impossible can-and will-happen.

Through appendices and diagrams, Car Suspension and Handling, 4th Edition outlines the purpose and history of vehicle suspension systems, while defining the basic parameters of suspension geometry. In addition, the book delves into human sensitivity to vibration, and offers data on durability, tire background information, steering calculations and suspension calculations.

Flight Paths to Success profiles the personal journeys of 33 women who have been, and continue to be, successful in aviation, space, and academia. Each woman was asked to select one question of several questions in five categories: personal career insight, work-life balance, mentorship/sponsorship, avoiding a career stall, and powering through challenging situations. Each woman shared her unique experiences about work-life integration, resilience, career changes, relocation, continuing education, and career advancement. While reading their stories, we saw that there were many flight paths to success and each woman navigated her own way by charting her own course and committing to it. Their stories were published as they wrote them-in their own words.

In Racing Toward Zero, the authors explore the issues inherent in developing sustainable transportation. They review the types of propulsion systems and vehicle options, discuss low-carbon fuels and alternative energy sources, and examine the role of regulation in curbing emissions.All technologies have an impact on the environment, from internal combustion engine vehicles to battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, and hybrids-there is no silver bullet. The battery electric vehicle may seem the obvious path to a sustainable, carbon-free transportation future, but its not the only, nor necessarily the best, path forward. The vast majority of vehicles today use the internal combustion engine (ICE), and this is unlikely to change anytime soon. Improving the ICE and its fuels-entering a new ICE age-must be a main route on the road to zero emissions.How do we go green? The future requires a balanced approach to transportation. Its not a matter of choosing between combustion or electrification; its combustion and electrification. As the authors say, "e;The future is eclectic."e; By harnessing the best qualities of both technologies, we will be in the best position to address our transportation future as quickly as possible.

What is acoustics? What is noise? How is sound measured? How can the vehicle noise be reduced using sound package treatments? Pranab Saha answers these and more in Acoustical Materials.Acoustics is the science of sound, including its generation, propagation, and effect. Although the propulsion sources of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and electric motor-powered vehicles (EV) are different and therefore their propulsion noises are different, both types of vehicles have shared noise concerns: Tire and road noise; Wind noise; Vehicle noise and vibration issues have been there almost from the inception of vehicle manufacturing. The noise problem in a vehicle is very severe and is difficult to solve only by modifying the sources of noise and vibration. Sound package treatments address the noise and vibration issues along the path to reduce in-cabin noise. In Acoustical Materials, readers will grasp the science of reducing sound and vibration using sound absorbers, sound barriers, and vibration dampers.Sound provides information on the proper operation of the vehicle, but if unchecked, can detract from the consumer experience within the vehicle and create noise pollution outside the vehicle. Acoustical Materials provides essential information on the basics of sound, vehicle noise source, how these are measured, how vehicle owners perceive sound, and ultimately, how to solve noise problems in vehicles using sound package materials.

Legislative requirements to reduce CO2 emissions by 2020 have resulted in significant efforts by car manufacturers to explore various methods of pollution abatement. One of the most effective ways found so far is by shortening the cylinder stroke and downsizing the engine. This new engine then needs to be boosted, or turbocharged, to create the full and original load torque. Turbocharging has been and will continue to be a key component to the new technologies that will make a positive difference in the next-generation engines of years to come. Concepts in Turbocharging for Improved Efficiency and Emissions Reduction explores the many ways that turbocharging will deliver concrete results in meeting the new realities of sustainable, green transportation. This collection of very focused technical papers, selected by Mehrdad Zangeneh, PhD., a professor of thermo-fluids at University College in London, provides an assessment of several novel designs intended to improve fuel consumption and cap emissions, while maintaining torque at all speeds. The book is divided into four sections, each addressing the most cutting-edge technologies on the market today: Two-Stage Turbocharging; Variable Geometry Compressors; Unconventional Compressor Configurations; Electrically Assisted Turbocharging

This book provides an introduction to the role, value, scope and the unique contributions the field of human factors can bring to the design process for all products. Aimed at the engineer and manager with no formal training in the life and social sciences, it is not intended to train the methods of human factors, but rather to provide knowledge that will enable engineers and managers to determine if including human factors in the planning and execution of product design is justified. Chapters include: Reasons Engineers Provide for Limiting Emphasis on Human Factors The Academic Disciplines Supporting Human Factors Human Factors Engineering and more

This book provides a complete description of instrumentation and in-cylinder measurement techniques for internal combustion engines. Written primarily for researchers and engineers involved in advanced research and development of internal combustion engines, the book provides an introduction to the instrumentation and experimental techniques, with particular emphasis on diagnostic techniques for in-cylinder measurements.

This book takes an in-depth look at the lives, personalities, and technical achievements of 12 preeminent engineers who made significant and lasting contributions to the design and development of the automobile over the last century. From early pioneers such as Amedee Bollee pere, whose first steam-driven vehicle took the road in 1878, to more recent innovators such as Colin Chapman, pace-setter of the Grand Prix scene, Automobile Design presents twelve penetrating design and character studies that will fascinate all automobile enthusiasts and historians. Other early pioneers covered include: Frederick Lanchestser Henry M. Leland Hans Ledwinka Marc Birkigt Ferdinand Porsche Harry Miller Vittorio Jano Gabriel Voisin Alec Issigonis Dante Giacosa, et. al.

Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization of Aerospace Composite Materials is a collection of ten SAE technical papers focusing on the design analysis of aerospace composite structures from the perspective of various disciplines. The book concentrates on the following aspects: Analytical methods for weight design of aircraft structures, including a parametric geometry model capable of generating dedicated models for both aerodynamic and structural solvers. Methodologies for evaluating the structural performance of carbon/epoxy composite panels. An aerodynamic design of flexible wings made of composite structures. Thermal design and analysis of composite enclosures. Methodologies for analyzing the acoustic performance of composite structures, including the design optimization method to evaluate the acoustic performance in terms of transmission loss (TL) of various composite panels. The lightening effect on composites, presenting a theoretical method to compute the electrical current propagating through composite structures due to lightning strikes. The issue of fire resistance as most polymer resins are flammable once the respective ignition temperatures are reached. A probabilistic-based reliability analysis of the composite structures. The method is demonstrated on a graphite/epoxy composite space habitat subjected to the debris attacks. A sustainability analysis of aircraft composite materials, including improved durability, less maintenance, and lower energy consumption.

Since the successful production of carbon fibers in early 1960s, composite materials have emerged as the materials of choice for general aviation aircraft, military aircraft, space launch vehicles, and unmanned air vehicles. This has revolutionized the aerospace industry due to their excellent mechanical and physical properties, as well as weight-reducing ability. The next- generation material development model should operate in an integrated computational environment, where new material development, manufacturability, and product design practice are seamlessly interconnected. Materials and Process Modeling of Aerospace Composites reports recent developments on materials and processes of aerospace composites by using computational modeling, covering the following aspects: The historical uses of composites in aerospace industry, documenting in detail the early usage of composite materials on Premier I by Raytheon to recent full-scale applications of composites on large commercial aircraft by Boeing and Airbus. An overview on the classifications of composites used in aerospace industry, ranging from conventional glass- fiber reinforced composites to advanced graphene nanocomposites. The recent work on computational material engineering on aerospace composite materials, including fundamental computational frame work and case studies on the modeling of materials and processes

Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft was developed to explain what the electric aircraft stands for by offering an objective view of what can be expected from the giant strides in innovative architectures and technologies enabling aircraft electrification. Through tangible case studies, a deep insight is provided into this paradigm shift cutting across various aircraft segments from General Aviation to Large Aircraft. Addressing design constraints and timelines foreseen to reach acceptable performance and maturity levels, Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft puts forward a general view of the progress made to date and what to expect in the years to come. Drawing from the expertise of four industry veterans, Pascal Thalin (editor), Ravi Rajamani, Jean-Charles Mare and Sven Taubert (contributors), it addresses futuristic approaches but does not depart too far from the operational down-to-earth realities of everyday business. Fundamentals of Electric Aircraft also offers analyses on how performance enhancements and fuel burn savings may bring more value for money as long as new electric technologies deliver on their promises.