Bøger udgivet af Springer New York

Many people think there is only one ¿right¿ way to teach geometry. For two millennia, the ¿right¿ way was Euclid¿s way, and it is still good in many respects. But in the 1950s the cry ¿Down with triangles!¿ was heard in France and new geometry books appeared, packed with linear algebra but with no diagrams. Was this the new ¿right¿ way, or was the ¿right¿ way something else again, perhaps transformation groups? In this book, I wish to show that geometry can be developed in four fundamentally different ways, and that all should be used if the subject is to be shown in all its splendor. Euclid-style construction and axiomatics seem the best way to start, but linear algebra smooths the later stages by replacing some tortuous arguments by simple calculations. And how can one avoid projective geometry? It not only explains why objects look the way they do; it also explains why geometry is entangled with algebra. Finally, one needs to know that there is not one geometry, but many, and transformation groups are the best way to distinguish between them. Two chapters are devoted to each approach: The ?rst is concrete and introductory, whereas the second is more abstract. Thus, the ?rst chapter on Euclid is about straightedge and compass constructions; the second is about axioms and theorems. The ?rst chapter on linear algebra is about coordinates; the second is about vector spaces and the inner product.

This extensive volume began as a short course primarily geared toward toxicologists who want to expand their understanding of toxicologic pathology in order to be better study directors while also proving to be of great interest to other drug development scientists and regulatory reviewers. The overall goal is to help non-pathologists understand, contextualize, and communicate the pathology data and interpretations from the study pathologist in a practical and usable format. Within the book, readers will find an overview of general pathology concepts that include fundamental vocabulary and the basics of pathophysiological processes, along with numerous chapters devoted to pathology in specific organ systems as well as topics such as biomarkers, correlation of clinical pathology endpoints (chemistry and hematology) with microscopic changes, and well-known pathology findings for classes of toxic substances. Authoritative, practical, and comprehensive, Toxicologic Pathology for Non-Pathologists aims to help non-pathologists understand, converse in, and apply a basic understanding of pathology in their day-to-day careers.

Over the past decade there has been an explosion of developments in mixed e?ects models and their applications. This book concentrates on two major classes of mixed e?ects models, linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed models, with the intention of o?ering an up-to-date account of theory and methods in the analysis of these models as well as their applications in various ?elds. The ?rst two chapters are devoted to linear mixed models. We classify l- ear mixed models as Gaussian (linear) mixed models and non-Gaussian linear mixed models. There have been extensive studies in estimation in Gaussian mixed models as well as tests and con?dence intervals. On the other hand, the literature on non-Gaussian linear mixed models is much less extensive, partially because of the di?culties in inference about these models. However, non-Gaussian linear mixed models are important because, in practice, one is never certain that normality holds. This book o?ers a systematic approach to inference about non-Gaussian linear mixed models. In particular, it has included recently developed methods, such as partially observed information, iterative weighted least squares, and jackknife in the context of mixed models. Other new methods introduced in this book include goodness-of-?t tests, p- diction intervals, and mixed model selection. These are, of course, in addition to traditional topics such as maximum likelihood and restricted maximum likelihood in Gaussian mixed models.

This book provides broad coverage of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based methods and applications for the analysis of metabolites in a wide range of biological samples, from biofluids, cells, animal models, human, to plants and foods. The applications range from mechanistic understanding, biomarker discovery, environmental studies, and drug discovery to nutrition, while NMR methods include global, targeted, and isotope tracer-based techniques. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, NMR-Based Metabolomics: Methods and Protocols serves as a wealth of information for beginners as well as advanced practitioners and also as stepping stones for further advancesin the field of metabolomics.

This volume focuses on protein analysis, including a wide range of the use of mass spectrometry and other protein methods within neurobiological disciplines. Chapters cover topics such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) processing and biobanking; label-free quantitative proteomics; SWATH; top-down proteomics; and experimental strategies based on other ¿omics applied to CSF metabolome, lipidome, and microRNAome. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Proteomics: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for graduate students and post-doctoral fellows interested in learning more about CSF proteotyping. It is also useful to established researchers seeking furtherinsight into this growing field.

This second edition volume expands on the previous edition with new sections describing the characterization of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) on the surface of the cell. Chapters also cover topics such as using SERPA for antigen identification; antigen content of electroimmunoprecipitates; whole genome-phage display libraries; antigens in immune complexes; and immunoproteomic biomarkers. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and thorough, Immunoprotemics: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource that presents novice and expert researchers with techniques that are easily transferrable to laboratories and provides enhancedhands-on insights into this evolving field.

This volume explores the latest synthetic procedures for producing receptor-specific retinoids and rexinoids, molecular biology methods, and new technologies to demonstrate the therapeutic activities of molecules. The chapters in this book cover topics such as lentiviral delivery of shRNA constructs into acute promyelocytic leukemia cells for ATRA induced differentiation and autophagy; methods to analyze RAR signaling in colorectal cancer cells; differentiation of primary myoblasts by using RXR agonist; methodology for analyzing effects of retinoid treatment on nervous system development and larval swimming behavior; and protocols for assessment of autophagic flux in ATRA treated 2D and 3D breast cancer cultures. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshootingand avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Retinoid and Rexinoid Signaling: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resources for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and principal investigators who are interested in further exploring the signaling mechanisms of these molecules in their specific preclinical models.