Bøger udgivet af States Academic Press

The chemical compounds which are found in cannabis are termed as cannabinoids. The major cannabinoids are phytocannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. The combination of cannabinoids which are produced by a cannabis plant constitute its cannabinoid profile. The pharmacology of cannabinoids studies the actions of cannabinoids on the human body. Cannabinoids have both medicinal and recreational uses. They are used to for the management of various diseases such as cancer and HIV/AIDS. In cancer patients, it is used to reduce the feeling of nausea and vomiting which is caused by chemotherapy. People suffering from HIV/AIDS sometimes use cannabinoids to increase appetite. Dronabinol and nabilone are two extracts of cannabis which are consumed in the form of pills to treat the side effects of AIDS and chemotherapy. Cannabinoids are also used in the management of neuropathic pain. This book outlines the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in detail. It consists of contributions made by international experts. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

Biology is a branch of science which is concerned with the study of life. It focuses on the physical structure, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution of living organisms. In biology, cell is considered as the basic unit of life. The discipline of biology is broadly classified into theoretical biology and experimental biology. Theoretical biology makes use of mathematical techniques for the formulation of quantitative models. Empirical biology deals with experiments which are used for testing the validity of proposed theories. Some of the basic concepts of modern biology are cell theory, evolution, genetics and homeostasis. Certain biological phenomena such as cell division, reproduction and transmission of genetic material are also studied in this field. The various sub-fields of biology along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. The topics included herein on biology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Human body modeling involves computerized models of the human body, known as human phantoms. Human phantoms exist for different types of human bodies such as adolescents, children, adults, females, pregnant females, males, etc. These phantoms are used for running different types of simulations, which in turn help in establishing accepted standards for safety. Some of the different fields which make use of brain and human body modeling are cancer treatment, neurology and studies on radio-frequency. It is especially important in the research on electromagnetic safety and exposure evaluations. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of brain and human body modeling. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. For all readers who are interested in this field, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Hydrology is the discipline that focuses on the scientific study of water present on Earth or other planets. It includes the movement, quality and distribution of water on the planets including water resources, water cycle and environmental watershed sustainability. It focuses on analyzing water related problems such as water management, natural disasters, environmental preservation and provide their solutions. Hydrology is sub-divided into groundwater hydrology, surface water hydrology and marine water hydrology. Surface hydrology, hydrometeorology, hydrogeology, drainage basin management and water quality are some of the other domains of hydrology. Water circulation or water cycle is the central aspect of hydrology. It is concerned with how water circulates across the Earth through various pathways. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of hydrology. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies have been included herein. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be assisted by this book.

Autism is a developmental disorder, in which the major characteristics are difficulties in social interaction and communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior. The signs of this disease are often noticed by the age of three by the parents. The signs of autism develop gradually. However, in some cases, regression in the social and communication skills is experienced by autistic children after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace. There are several risk factors associated with autism which can be classified into genetic and environmental factors. Infections, autoimmune diseases, certain toxins such as alcohol, valproic acid, lead and cocaine and fetal growth restriction are some risk factors during pregnancy. There has been rapid progress in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. This book will provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Alzheimer's disease is one of the neurodegenerative diseases. It starts slowly and continuously worsens. The primary symptom of Alzheimer's disease is difficulty in remembering recent events. Other symptoms are disorientation, problems with language, loss of motivation, self-neglect, mood swings and behavioral issues. Gradually, the body functions are also lost which eventually leads to death. The speed of progression of the disease varies and the life expectancy after diagnosis is three to nine years. There are many risk factors that are associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease such as environmental and genetic factors. Other risk factors are clinical depression, a history of head injury, and high blood pressure. Diagnosis of this disease is based on cognitive testing together with medical imaging and blood tests. This book contains some path-breaking studies on Alzheimer's disease. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

The branch of biology which makes use of living organisms to create new products is termed as biotechnology. The application of biotechnology for studying animal cells and cell culture is termed as animal cell biotechnology. Some of the key areas of study under this field are sequencing of animal genomes, recombinant DNA technology, identification of genes, regulation of genes, molecular markers and diagnostics. The animals which are genetically altered to have specific characteristics are known as transgenic animals. They are produced using a variety of techniques such as nuclear transfer, DNA microinjection, sperm mediated gene transfer and artificial chromosomes. Animal cell biotechnology finds application across various fields such as food production, organ transplant, pharmaceuticals, animal forensics and animal breeding. Animal cell biotechnology is an upcoming field of science that has undergone rapid development over the past few decades. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of animal cell biotechnology. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Quantum dynamics is concerned with the exchange of energy and momentum, and the motions of systems whose behavior is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. It is the quantum version of classical dynamics. Quantum dynamics is integral to the rapidly growing fields of quantum computing and atomic optics. In the field of mathematics, quantum dynamics is the study of the mathematics behind quantum mechanics. As a study of dynamics, this field explicitly investigates how quantum mechanical observables change over time. It also involves the study of one-parameter automorphisms of algebra of all bounded operators on the Hilbert space of observables. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of quantum dynamics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.

The study of the structure, motion and function of the mechanical aspects of biological systems from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles using the methods of mechanics is referred to as biomechanics. It is a branch of biophysics. The study of biomechanics spans from the inner workings of a cell to the movement and development of limbs as well as the mechanical properties of soft tissue and bones. There are several subfields of biomechanics such as biofluid mechanics, biotriobology, comparative biomechanics, computational biomechanics, experimental biomechanics, continuum biomechanics, plant biomechanics, sports biomechanics and many more. Biomechanics has various applications in the orthopedic industry, such as designing orthopedic implants for human joints, dental parts, external fixations and other medical purposes. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments in relation to applied biomechanics. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of applied biomechanics. Those with an interest in the field of applied biomechanics would find this book helpful.

The ability of the cells to receive, process and transmit signals with its environment as well as with itself is termed as cell signaling. Extracellular signals are the signals which originate from outside the cells. Various physical agents can be responsible for extracellular signals such as voltage, mechanical pressure, light, temperature, etc. The transformation of a signal into a chemical form marks the beginning of signal transduction. This can either directly activate an ion channel or initiate a second messenger system cascade, which conveys the signal through a cell. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of host-pathogen interactions and the recent researches in this field. It provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of this discipline. For all readers who are interested in this field, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Antimicrobial resistance develops when micro-organisms evolve different mechanisms to protect themselves from the effects of antimicrobials. Such micro-organisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are difficult to treat and require higher doses or alternative medications that are more toxic to them. When micro-organisms are resistant to multiple antimicrobials, then, they are called multidrug resistant. All classes of microbes, i.e. bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, can develop resistance. The bacteria that are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics are known as extensively drug resistant or superbugs. Antibiotic resistance can be spontaneous as a result of random mutations or can be caused by extensive use of anti-microbials which encourage the selection of mutants that are resistant to them. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of antibiotic resistance. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around antibiotic resistance. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

It is estimated that by the end of the 21st century human population would reach an estimated 10 to 11 billion. To compensate for the ensuing food and energy shortage, it is imperative that measures should be taken to initiate a global phenomenon for agricultural development. Modern agriculture is heavily dependent on intensive agricultural practices. Relying exclusively on a small number of productive crops can potentially lead to significant loss of biodiversity. Therefore, measures such as efficient pest control, research initiatives, support to crop producers, engagement with the latest production techniques and preservation of diversity need to be adopted. Developing crop varieties that are more resilient to abiotic stresses, enhancing livestock health and productivity by improving animal genetics and veterinary care, and improved crop and natural resource management are strategies that can provide global food and energy security. The book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of agricultural development and its utmost significance in modern times. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of agriculture are examined in detail. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to agrologists, agroeconomists, horticulturists, agriculturists, conservationists, naturalists and students in this field.

Agroforestry is the system that is used to monitor land usage. It involves planting different shrubs and trees around and among pastureland and crops. This field has evolved with the integration of agriculture and forestry. The systems of agroforestry are used to enhance biodiversity, reduce soil erosion, enhance wildlife habitats, contribute towards sustainable agricultural systems and improve adaptation to climate change. The field is based on the theories of agroecology and ecology. Tropical agroforestry and temperate agroforestry are some of the areas where this field finds its application. Some types of systems used in this field include crop-over-tree systems, shade crops, itteri agroforestry, and alley and strip cropping. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of agroforestry. It also unfolds the innovative aspects related to this discipline which will be crucial for the holistic understanding of the subject matter. This book, with its detailed analyzes and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of the structure and development of language in general or of particular languages. It encompasses the analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context, as well as the analysis of the social, cultural, historical, and political factors that influence any language. African languages are seen and treated as expressions and means of African culture along with their communicative functions. This assumption supports the idea that the task of linguistic description and of teaching African languages is linked with sociolinguistics. The languages of Africa are divided into several major language families such as Niger-Congo languages, Afroasiatic languages, Indo-European languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Austronesian languages, and Khoe-Kwadi languages. One of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity is found in Africa. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in African linguistics. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Affect is a research topic in the field of mathematics education which focuses on the role of emotions in mathematical thinking and problem solving. Affect variables are viewed as learning outcomes. The practice of teaching and learning mathematics, and associated scholarly research in this field is termed as mathematics education. It focuses on conceptual understanding, formative assessment, algebraic reasoning and problem solving. Some of the objectives of mathematics education are teaching basic numeracy skills to students, and teaching practical mathematics, abstract mathematical concepts, advanced mathematics, etc. Classical education, computer-based mathematics education, conventional approach, exercises, and problem solving are a few methods of teaching mathematics. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. It explores all the important aspects of affect and mathematics education in the present day scenario. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in animals is called veterinary medicine. Its domain ranges from domesticated animals to wild animals. Different species of animals suffer from different diseases which can be treated by using a wide spectrum of veterinary medicines. Its main aim is to keep the animals healthy and safe. This field also maintains food supply through monitoring the health of livestock. Research in this domain is focused on wildlife and ecosystem health, human-animal interfaces and zoonotic diseases. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. For all readers who are interested in veterinary medicine, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of veterinary medicine and the recent researches in this field.

Gastric cancer is the cancer that usually originates from the cells that line the stomach. The cancer may start as a polyp or an ulcer that initially may not cause any symptom or may cause bleeding or pain. Risk factors for gastric cancer are smoking, bacterial infection and acid reflux. Stomach cancer can also occur in the proximal part of the stomach which is close to esophagus. Esophageal cancer is a cancer that primarily develops in the esophagus. Ways of diagnosing stomach cancer include barium swallow, which examines the esophagus, stomach and duodenum, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography scan, fecal occult blood test, etc. This book brings forth some of the unexplored aspects of esophageal and gastric cancers. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various methods used for the diagnosis and treatment of these cancers. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Force feeding is the practice of feeding a human or animal against their will. In humans, it has been practiced mostly on prisoners and patients who refuse to eat. It can involve the supply of a nutritional substance through a small plastic feeding tube inserted into the stomach through the nose or mouth. Once the subject is pacified, liquid food is poured into the top of the tube, and it descends into the stomach and digestion is continued. Force feeding can also be done using a nasal tube. Unlike artificial feeding, force feeding is done against the will of the subjects who have decided not to eat. It has been contended as being dangerous, unethical and unpleasant. It outlines the history of force feeding in detail. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Glaucoma includes a group of eye diseases which lead to damage in the optic nerve and can cause vision loss. The most common type is wide angle glaucoma, also known as open angle glaucoma, in which the drainage angle for fluid within the eye remains open. The other types of glaucoma are narrow angle or closed angle glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma which are less common. Wide angle glaucoma occurs slowly over time and causes no pain. A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of one or both eyes that develops slowly and results in a decrease in vision. Its symptoms comprise blurry or double vision, faded colors, trouble with bright lights, halos around light and trouble seeing at night. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the management of cataracts and glaucoma. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field of research.

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science which focuses on studying the phenomena related to various biological systems using the principles and methods of physics. It covers the entire spectrum of biological organizations ranging from biomolecules to entire ecosystems. Molecular biophysics seeks to address the questions related to molecular biology and biochemistry. It makes use of several imaging techniques such as crystallography, spectroscopy, electron microscopy and small angle scattering for visualizing biological structures. Molecular biophysics draws on the principles of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and statistical mechanics to study complex biological events. Some major areas of research under this field are neuroscience, bioengineering, DNA structure and analysis, computer modeling and medical physics. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of biological physics. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new techniques and the applications of this discipline. Through this book, we attempt to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.