Bøger udgivet af States Academic Press

A molecular beam is created when a gas expands from a higher pressure region to a lower pressure region through a small opening. It is used to directly measure uptake on a prepared surface as well as to provide information on the scattering of molecules from surfaces. These techniques have been widely employed to evaluate reactive and non-reactive uptake of radical and non-radical species on ice and water surfaces. The creation of the supersonic molecular beam, which is produced by a free jet expansion source, has significantly increased the versatility of the molecular beam technique. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the science and engineering of molecular beams. It consists of contributions made by international experts. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Food contains nutritional substances that are necessary for regulating vital processes as well as for the growth, maintenance and repair of body tissues. However, it can also transmit pathogens, which can cause illness or death in humans or other animals. The most common types of pathogens found in food are parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Food safety refers to a scientific technique that is used for storing, handling and preparing food in order to reduce the risk of individuals becoming ill due to food-borne diseases. Food safety principles aim to avoid food from becoming contaminated, which may lead to food poisoning. This book explores all the important aspects of food safety in the present day scenario. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Nonlinear equations are those that do not form a straight line. They may form a bell curve, S-curve, or any other nonlinear shape on a graph. These equations have a variable slope and are more complicated as compared to linear equations. A nonlinear equation has a degree of two or greater than two, but not less than two. As the value of the degree increases, so does the curvature of the graph. In general, nonlinear equations cannot be solved analytically. Two criteria can be taken into account when choosing a method for solving nonlinear equations, namely, method convergence and the cost of calculating of the method. Nonlinear equations are utilized for managing projects and making predictions. Some examples of nonlinear equations include S-curve graphs, regression analysis, and logarithmic scales. Important numerical methods for solving nonlinear equations include first order methods, Newton-Raphson method, and bisection method. This book explores all the important aspects of the numerical methods used for solving nonlinear equations. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Biopolymers refer to the type of polymers created by living organisms. Biopolymer composites are biodegradable composites that are manufactured by reinforcing natural fibers derived from plant and animal sources with natural or synthetic biopolymers. Natural fiber in discontinuous phase is added to the biopolymer matrix in continuous phase to improve the tensile strength and stiffness of the manufactured composite. The goal of making this type of composite is to create a product with strong mechanical and durability properties, which are provided through natural fiber and biopolymers. Natural fiber-reinforced biopolymer composites are quickly developing as potential alternative to synthetic-based materials in food packaging, sporting goods, automotive, aerospace, biomedical, furniture, and electronic industries. This book aims to shed light on the processing, properties, and applications of biopolymer composites. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in the study and application of biopolymers at various levels.

Food and nutrition security (FNS) is attained when all individuals have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food at all times. The food should be sufficient to meet the dietary needs and food preferences of people. FNS can be ensured in an environment that promotes adequate sanitation, and health services and care. The framework of FNS is influenced by physical and temporal aspects. The physical determinant of FNS refers to the food flow in terms of availability, accessibility and utilization. The temporal aspect of FNS is concerned with stability. This book addresses the subject of food and nutrition security. It includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to this topic. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Sport refers to a type of competitive physical activity or game that is primarily focused on the utilization, improvement or maintenance of physical abilities and skills. Sport psychology is a field of study which focuses on the intersection of mental well-being and physical activity. It involves the application of concepts from a variety of fields such as psychology, biomechanics, kinesiology and physiology. Exercise psychology is an area of study concerned with the performance analysis of athletes in terms of exercise. It also helps in building a personalized exercise program for athletes in order to enhance their involvement and enjoyment while exercising. This book explores all the important aspects of sport and exercise psychology in the present day scenario. It consists of contributions made by international experts. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a category of non-coding RNAs which play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. A vast range of miRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences in primary miRNAs, which are then processed into precursor miRNAs and then into mature miRNAs. The interaction of miRNAs with their target genes is dynamic and depends on a variety of factors including the abundance of miRNAs and target mRNAs, the affinity of miRNA-mRNA interactions, and miRNA subcellular location. They can be secreted into extracellular fluids and transferred to target cells by vesicles like exosomes or through a bind to proteins such as argonautes. Furthermore, miRNAs regulate the activities of host cell and also secrete and transport those host cells to recipient cells. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of microRNAs. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of study.

The transition to adulthood is characterized by new roles and obligations in interconnected fields such as education, career and family formation. The transition from youth to adulthood leads to growing maturity, which comes with expectations that the individual would take responsibility of their self, make independent decisions and become self-sufficient. During this time, young individuals face a variety of prospects and challenges that can have far-reaching consequences throughout the course of life. Education, employment, living arrangements, marriage, and parenting play a role in determining the developmental path of an individual. Significant shifts in social roles and duties can cause anxiety and can test an individual's ability to adapt. The transition from youth to adulthood is a process marked by rising social inequities, challenging economic choices and restrictions, ambiguity, and altering cultural and social expectations. Slow strategic transitions, family and other support are significant for the transition. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex concepts related to the transition of youth. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Russian literature includes both the literature of Russia and its émigrés as well as Russian-language literature. The origins of this body of literature can be found in the Middle Ages, when chronicles and epics were written in the Old East slavic. Russian literature has been classified into four broad historical eras including Old Russian, modern Russian, Soviet Russian and post-Soviet. Early Russian literature is largely composed of religious writings that follow the tradition of eastern orthodox Christianity. The beginning of the twentieth century marks the silver age of Russian poetry. This age flourished with the writings of various short-story writers and novelists. The canon of Russian poetry has been reformed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This book presents a rethinking of the Russian literary canon in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied genres that fall under this category. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

Heritage refers to the beliefs, traditions, achievements and other aspects belonging to the history of a group or country. It can be both intangible and tangible, and includes memories and ideas of recipes, dances, songs, languages and many other aspects of human identity and the manner in which they relate to archaeological sites and historical structures. As per UN General Assembly's 2030 Agenda, culture enables sustainable development through cultural heritage and creativity. The sustainability of urban areas can be enhanced through heritage conservation by achieving a positive integration of culture and cultural heritage into urban development plans and policies. Heritage development of city requires a holistic attitude for the development and conservation of monuments along with the development of cities. It also encompasses various professional specializations such as content creation, financial analysis and in-depth research, which help the heritage sites in reaching their full economic and cultural potential. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide historical perspectives on world heritage and development. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Activism is an intentional action by an individual to bring about social or political change. Social activism involves working with other people to bring about a change in the society. Legal activism, also called judicial activism, refers to the practice of using the courts' authority to examine state's actions. Transnational legal activism refers to a type of activism that is practiced by local and transnational human rights NGOs or other social entities, which involve the increased use of international legal instruments for the recognition and protection of human rights. Transnational social activism involves mobilization of collective claims by social activists belonging to two or more countries, and such claims are addressed to more than one national government or international organizations. Transnational legal activism is aimed at remediating individual abuses in addition to re-politicizing law and re-legalizing human rights politics by invoking and bringing international courts and quasi-judicial systems of human rights to act upon the national and local juridical-political arena. This book explores all the important aspects of transnational reforms with respect to legal and social activism. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Higher education is defined as any type of education provided in post-secondary institutions of learning. Higher education system includes universities and colleges in fields such as law, theology, medicine, business, music, and art. It also includes teacher-training schools, junior colleges and institutes of technology. Some of the upcoming trends in higher education systems are learning from everywhere, replacing lectures with active learning, teaching skills relevant in a changing world, and increasing the use of formative assessment instead of traditional examinations. Learning from everywhere means that the learners are able to learn through a hybrid model, using a combination of virtual and live physical classes. Another important aspect of higher education is the focus on learning skills that are in demand and will help the learners earn well. This book brings forth some future perspectives and unexplored aspects of higher education systems. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

MATLAB is a matrix programming language primarily designed for scientists and engineers. It is a renowned fourth generation programming language, which has various applications including data science, machine learning and deep learning. It is important for mathematical design, optimization, calculation and analysis. It is also helpful in providing results with precision, speed and accuracy. MATLAB is used extensively for visualization of mathematical calculations and system analysis. The primary applications of MATLAB include deep learning, analysis and visualization of data, and developing a graphical user interface (GUI) and application programming interface (API). It also plays an important role in the computations of numerical linear algebra, simulation, machine learning, data science, and development of algorithms. From theories to research to engineering applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to MATLAB have been included in this book. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

A program is a type of executable code that performs some computational function. Software is defined as a group of executable programming code, along with related documentation and libraries. Software engineering is a discipline of engineering concerned with the creation of software products based on scientific procedures, principles and methods. It produces an effective and dependable software product. The requirement for software engineering rises as a result of the increased rate of change in user needs and the environment in which the software operates. Some of the major functions of software engineering are software testing, software architecture and software analysis. This book traces the progress of software engineering and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

A computer system is made up of several components including input and output devices, a central processing unit (CPU), storage devices and memory. All these components work together as a single unit to produce the desired result. A computer system can be of various sizes and shapes. It can range from a high-end server to a laptop, personal desktop, smartphone, or a tablet. A system model is a tool that predicts the performance of a system under changing circumstances. System modeling refers to a process that involves developing abstract models of a system, wherein each model presents a different view of that system. It involves representing a system using some kind of graphical notation, which can be used by analysts to understand the system's functionality. The process of observing systems for troubleshooting or development purposes is known as systems analysis. Probabilistic modeling methods are applied in the study of computer systems. Models may be analyzed using queuing theory models or stochastic processes. This book aims to shed light on the modeling and analysis of computer systems. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Climate change refers to the long-term changes in weather patterns and temperature. These changes can be caused by natural processes, like variations in the solar cycle. The main cause of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil. Some of the prominent environmental impacts of climate change are the expansion of deserts and an increase in the frequency of wildfires. Climate change threatens people with water and food shortage, extreme heat, economic loss, and flooding. There are two approaches to strategically manage the hazards associated with climate change. These include the mitigation of greenhouse gases, which decreases the severity and frequency of climate hazards; and adaptation to climate change, which helps in decreasing the vulnerability to a specific climate hazard or hazards. This book contains some path-breaking studies on climate change. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to the management of climate change have been included herein. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Computer aided verification process (CAV) comprises mathematically based strict approaches for the verification, specification and development of hardware and software systems. The goal of CAD is to make such systems more robust, correct and dependable. Mathematical theories, design phase and specification formalism are used to categorize verification methods. Methods for verification during the design phase comprise testing, specification and implementation. Markov chains, process algebras and timed automata are the processes done in specification formalism. Static analysis, model checking and theorem proving are part of the verification process in mathematical theories. SPIN, NuSMV, UPPAAL, CBMC, TLA+, dafny, and PRISM are some of the tools that can be utilized in CAV. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models and prospective developments with respect to computer science and information technology. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up.

Climate change refers to the shift in temperature over a prolonged period of time. The process of adjusting to the changes in climate is known as climate change adaptation. The actions taken to adapt to climate change can be categorized as either transformative or incremental. The former responds to climate change by trying to change the fundamental attributes of a system while the latter seeks to maintain the integrity of a system. One of the important factors which need to be considered while making policies related to climate change adaptation is adaptive capacity. It encompasses the ability of any system to adjust to climate change in order to reduce damage or deal with the outcomes. This book contains some path-breaking studies on climate change and the ethics of climate change adaptation. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

"Mobile app development is the process by which a mobile application is developed for mobile devices. These apps can be pre-installed on mobile phones during the manufacturing of platforms, or these may be delivered as web applications using client-side or server-side processing. Mobile apps are developed, managed and deployed in certain platform organizations that consist of several tools and components. These include front-end development tools, security add-on layers, back-end servers, system software and emulators for mobile app testing. Mobile user interface design is an essential process in the creation of mobile apps. It considers contexts, screen, constraints, mobility and input as outlines for design. This textbook is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of mobile app development. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge."--

Celebrity is a public personality who has a status of fame and media attention. Celebrity status is generally associated with wealth and success in a professional sphere, be it in sports, art or entertainment. Since celebrities attract a lot of public attention, access to them is controlled by an entourage of staff including managers, agents, publicists, assistants, bodyguards, etc. Celebrity managers have numerous responsibilities and duties. They may need to act as publicists, agents and contract negotiators for their clients. Creating day-to-day schedules, firing or appointing agents, assisting celebrities in their social and professional activities, etc. are also some tasks that they perform. This book highlights some of the roles and responsibilities of a celebrity manager. It also offers a comprehensive guide to a career in celebrity management. It is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area.

Agriculture refers to the practice of cultivating soil, developing crops and raising livestock. The broad categories of agricultural products include fuels, foods, raw materials and fibers. Agricultural production can benefit from innovation by increasing productivity, while managing the natural resources efficiently. This promotes sustainability in the long run and reduces the damaging effects of production on the environment. Innovation in agriculture is associated with the management of farms using technologies, such as drones, Internet of things, artificial intelligence and robotics to improve the quality as well as quantity of products, while minimizing the need for human labor in production. Innovations in agriculture technologies encompass developments in precision agriculture, water management technology, farm automation and genetics. These developments enable safer, smarter and more productive farming. The topics included in this book on smart innovation in agriculture are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. For all those who are interested in this subject, it can prove to be an essential guide.

The mammals which belong to the group that includes the lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are known as primates. Some of their characteristic features are larger brains relative to body size, increased reliance on vision instead of sense of smell, and opposable thumbs. Behavioral ecology refers to the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior in response to ecological pressures. The behavioral ecology of primates involves studying them from evolutionary, ecological and demographic perspectives. It also focuses on the behavior of different primates and the importance of these observations for their conservation. This book discusses the fundamentals as well as modern perspectives on the behavioral ecology of primates. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this area of study have been included herein. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Electronic devices are the devices which work on electronic variables such as power, voltage or current. These systems are used for controlling the flow of electrical currents for information processing and system control. Electronic devices contain two types of components, namely, passive components and active components. Passive components are without gain or directionality such as resistors, capacitors, diodes and inductors, whereas active components are those having gain or directionality. Active components include transistors, integrated circuits (ICs), and logic gates; whereas circuit is a passive component. Electronic systems are created to process electrical signals. The electronic systems can have a number of inputs and outputs. Some examples of an electronic system are an audio system, MP3 player and television. Electronic devices and systems are utilized for the acquisition or acceptance, processing, storage, display, analysis, protection, disposition, and transfer of information. This book outlines the applications of basic electronics devices and systems in detail. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Subjectivity refers to the way in which personal feelings and opinions of an individual shape someone's judgment rather than outside influences. It is the opposite of objectivity, wherein knowledge is thought to be independent of the subject who creates it. Subjectivity is a social mode that develops naturally from countless interactions within society. According to cultural studies, subjectivity is considered as a cultural construction rather than a timeless and fixed entity. Subjectivity is usually shaped by culture and it also helps in shaping culture. Additionally, it is also influenced by factors such as the economy, communities, political institutions and the natural world. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of subjectivity. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed for the effective removal of organic pollutants in water and wastewater by the process of oxidation. This emerging chemical technology is based on the in-situ generation of hydroxyl radicals as a powerful oxidant. In some AOPs, sulphate radicals, ozone, catalyst, and UV irradiation are also used to achieve better efficiency in treatment. AOP is beneficial for cleaning biologically toxic or non-degradable materials in wastewater such as aromatics, pesticides, petroleum constituents and volatile organic compounds. A major advantage of AOPs is that these processes do not introduce any new hazardous substances into the water since the complete reduction product of hydroxyl radicals is water. This book provides a detailed explanation of advanced oxidation processes used for treating industrial wastewater. The diverse topics covered herein address the varied processes that fall under this category. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Heritage studies is a field of study which examines the relationship between people, and tangible and intangible heritage. This is done by using methods from social science research. It is distinctly connected, but clearly distinguishable from the disciplines of history and heritage conservation. It seeks to understand heritage through the lens of contemporary sociocultural and experiential values. Memory studies is a field of enquiry which involves the study of memory as a tool for the purpose of remembering the past. Some of the major areas of study within this field are contemporary vs. past memory, multidirectional memory, and collective and individual memory. The topics included in this book on heritage and memory studies are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Structural mechanics is usually studied under the field of applied mechanics. It is the methodological investigation of the deformations, deflections, and internal forces or stresses (stress equivalents) within structures. Structural analysis and design plays an instrumental role in generating a structure that is capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life. Mechanics for structures is a field of study that examines the behavior of structures under mechanical loads, such as bending of a beam, buckling of a column, torsion of a shaft, deflection of a thin shell, and vibration of a bridge. There are three basic approaches to the mechanical structures analysis, namely, the energy methods, flexibility method, and the direct stiffness method. These methods later developed into finite element method and the plastic analysis approach. The book studies and analyses the most significant concepts and aspects of engineering mechanics for structures. It will serve as an essential guide for both undergraduate and graduate students of civil engineering and engineering mechanics.

Shared parenting (SP) or joint physical custody refers to a child custody arrangement after divorce or separation of the child's parents. In this type of arrangement, both the parents share the responsibility of raising their child or children with equal or close to equal parenting time. The underlying idea in shared parenting is that children have the right to benefit from a close relationship with both their parents, and that no child should be separated from either of the parents. There are various themes that are studied under the concept of shared parenting. It studies whether SP provides real benefits to children whose parents separate and seeks persuasive evidence related to it. It also highlights the specific factors that make SP beneficial and the symbolic value of SP. This book is a valuable compilation of topics related to shared parenting. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Russian literature is the body of written works created in Russian language. It includes both the residents of Russia as well as the emigres. Russian literature has its origins in the middle ages when chronicles and epics in old east Slavic were written. Some of the major periods within Russian literature are 18th century literature, 19th century literature, early 20th century literature, Lenin era, Stalin era and later Soviet era. The 19th century Russian literature is also known as the golden age of Russian literature and was characterized by romanticism and romantic poetry. The early 20th century Russian literature is known as the silver age of Russian literature. It focused on developing the literary tradition of the previous century as well as introduced avant-garde themes. This book provides comprehensive insights on Russian literature. Those in search of information to further their knowledge on this body of literature will be greatly assisted by this book.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are defined as non-subsidiary, independent firms which employ less than a given number of employees, which varies from one country to another. They play an instrumental role in the economic growth of a country because they generate a number of new jobs. The potential contribution of smaller firms is enhanced with the advancement in technologies and globalization. SME's are more flexible and responsive to customer needs than large scale organizations because they can easily combine resources and share the costs of training, research and marketing. They also deal with several problems which require government policy intervention. These challenges include lack of financing, difficulties in exploiting technology, constrained managerial capabilities, low productivity, and regulatory burdens. In order to address these challenges, it is essential to foster public-private partnerships. This book contains significant issues, challenges and solutions related to small and medium enterprises. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this topic.