Bøger udgivet af Sudwestdeutscher Verlag Fur Hochschulschriften AG

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a biosafety strain, which has retained its capability to survive and function in the environment. Its broad metabolic capability to degrade a broad spectrum of aromatic compounds and still grow at temperatures as low as 5°C makes it a good candidate as a model organism to study genome wide responses to changing growth conditions which mimic environmental changes in natural habitats. In this study a functional genomics approach was used to examine the stress response of P. putida KT2440 wild type and five cold sensitive Tn5 mutants (with plasposons inserted in cbrA, cbrB, pcnB, vacB and bipA) to cold shock by decreasing the temperature from 30°C to 10°C. For this, transcriptome data derived from three different transcriptome platforms (Illumina cDNA sequencing, Affymetrix microarrays and Progenika microarrays), as well as metabolome and proteome data were combined. The wild type and a pcaI::Tn5 mutant were furthermore exposed to high concentrations of sodium benzoate (45 mM).

Declarative query interfaces for Sensor Networks (SN) have become a commodity. These interfaces allow access to SN deployed for collecting data using relational queries. However, SN are not confined to data collection, but may track object movement, e.g., wildlife observation or traffic monitoring. While relational approaches are well suited for data collection, research on Moving Object Databases (MOD) has shown that relational operators are unsuitable to express queries on object movement, i.e., spatio-temporal semantics. The properties of SN prevent a straightforward application of MOD, e.g., node failures, limited accuracy etc. Furthermore, MOD model entities like regions as point sets which presumes very accurate knowledge on the spatial extend of these entities. Such knowledge is unavailable in most SN. This dissertation is the first to address spatio-temporal queries in SN. It defines a complete set of spatio-temporal operators for SN while taking into account their properties and systematically shows how to derive query results from object detections. Finally, the dissertation presents a distributed, energy-efficient query processor for spatio-temporal queries in SN.

The book focuses on the lack of medical treatment in the world. It examines whether IPRs are human rights, and then considers the issues of IPRs and the right to health, before linking IPRs, human rights and the issue of access to medicines. One chapter deals with one of the first cases in South Africa to achieve affordable medical treatment. It considers competition law as a solution. After discussing the TRIPS provisions and the relationship towards competition law, case studies will be analysed. The analysis will be completed by focusing on human rights and how these can promote access to essential medicines. In addition, it gives some future suggestions how this issue might be solved in the forthcoming time. In particular, with the help of international organisations in order to avoid dependency on other states.

CNTs have attracted considerable interest not only for their outstanding physical properties, but also for their potential toxicological risks as nanoparticles (NP).The overall toxic response has proven problematic due to their interaction with colorimetric assay methods.In this work,in vitro cells were examined using Raman spectroscopy.It shows that it can be well differentiated on the basis of spectral features.The responses, the effect of oxidant production and medium depletion on the Raman spectral response and toxicology of the cell are examined independently.These spectral data build knowledge on the effects of the individual mechanisms, on the overall spectral content of the cell in presence of SWCNTs.As the development of Raman spectroscopy, for the analysis of cellular toxicity,is a key feature of this work, the development of applicable processing methods are a crucial part. Finally the ability of Raman spectroscopy to characterise the cellular response of A549 cells to the presence of Carbon nanotubes is shown.

Arteriogenesis (collateral artery growth) is nature¿s rescue mechanism to overcome the fatal consequences of arterial occlusion or stenosis. Important hallmarks of arteriogenesis are enhanced levels of shear stress across recruited collateral pathways. Experimentally, a therapeutic increase in shear stress may be achieved by artificial stenosis, ligation or arterio-venous shunting distal the site of occlusion/stenosis. But, how can we induce collateral growth in humans? External counterpulsation is an elegant method to enhance non-invasively the shear stress in the arterial system. It is a promising therapy for symptomatic patients who have coronary artery disease. However, the mechanism of action of ECP remains unclear. In this prospective, controlled, proof-of-concept study the effect of external counterpulsation on coronary collateral artery growth was investigated via invasive pressure measurements. After a 7 week treatment a significant increase of the collateral flow index and the fractional flow reserve were detected.

The development of axial aircraft compressors has led to high stage loadings and therewith reductions in entire engine size and weight. This trend also promotes several disadvantages such as the risks of flow separation and higher secondary flows that are associated with increased stage loading. The application of non-axisymmetric end walls is one approach to reduce blade loading in the end wall regions and to control end wall flow with the main objectives of increasing the component efficiency and the total pressure ratio. The emphasis of this work is to analyze the steady and unsteady performance of a transonic compressor stage with non-axisymmetric end. The axisymmetric layout of Configuration I of the Darmstadt Transonic Compressor serves as the datum design. As a tool to find the optimum non-axisymmetric end wall shape, a fully-automated multi-objective optimizer connected to a steady 3D-RANS flow solver is used. The goal is to analyze how effective such a design tool can work on such a challenging task and to derive first design rules and compare the differences and features in common to the experience made by turbine researchers.

Device and sensor miniaturization has enabled extraordinary functionality and sensitivity enhancements over the last decades while considerably reducing fabrication costs and energy consumption. The traditional materials and process technologies used today will, however, ultimately run into fundamental limitations. Combining large-scale directed assembly methods with high-symmetry low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials is expected to contribute toward overcoming shortcomings of traditional process technologies and pave the way for commercially viable device nanofabrication. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the guided dielectrophoretic integration of individual single-walled carbon nanotube- and graphene-based devices allowing parallel sensor assembly on the example of a piezoresistive pressure sensor. The ultimate goal is to fabricate ultra-small functional devices at high throughput and low costs, which require only minute operation power.

Many different network and host-based security solutions have been developed in the past to counter the threat of autonomously spreading malware. Among the most common detection techniques for such attacks are network traffic analysis and the so-called honeypots. In this thesis, we introduce two new malware detection sensors that make use of the above mentioned techniques. The first sensor called Rishi, passively monitors network traffic to automatically detect bot infected machines. The second sensor called Amun follows the concept of honeypots and detects malware through the emulation of vulnerabilities in network services that are commonly exploited. Both sensors were operated for two years and collected valuable data on autonomously spreading malware in the Internet. From this data we were able to, for example, study the change in exploit behavior and derive predictions about preferred targets of todays' malware.

Caveolae, the characteristic plasma membrane invaginations present in many cells, have been associated with numerous functions that still remain debated. Taking into account the particular abundance of caveolae in cells experiencing mechanical stress, it was proposed that caveolae constitute a membrane reservoir and buffer the membrane tension upon mechanical stress. The present work aimed to check this proposition experimentally. First, the influence of caveolae on the membrane tension was studied on mouse lung endothelial cells in resting conditions using tether extraction with optically trapped beads. Second, experiments on cells upon acute mechanical stress showed that caveolae serve as a membrane reservoir buffering surges in membrane tension in their immediate, ATP- and cytoskeleton-independent flattening and disassembly. Third, caveolae incorporated in membrane vesicles also showed the tension buffering. Finally, in a physiologically more relevant case, human muscle cells were studied, and it was shown that mutations with impaired caveolae (described in muscular dystrophies) render muscle cells less resistant to mechanical stress.

Eine Vielzahl von Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Fehler in der Anforderungsspezifikation zu erheblichen negativen Konsequenzen sowohl im Entwicklungsprozess eines Systems als auch im Systembetrieb führen können. Fehler in der Anforderungsspezifikation sind dabei oftmals auf Kohärenzbrüche gegenüber dem operationellen Kontext zurückzuführen, d.h. auf ungültige oder unvollständige Annahmen über die Umgebung, in der das System betrieben werden soll. Im vorliegenden Buch wird mit dem ContextML-Ansatz ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das es erlaubt, werkzeugunterstützt Kohärenzbrüche in der Verhaltensspezifikation von softwareintensiven Systemen gegenüber dem operationellen Kontexts aufzudecken.

§ 76 Abs. 2 S. 2 TKG sieht in bestimmten Fällen einen Anspruch des Grundstückseigentümers gegen den Inhaber des Leitungsweges sowie das Telekommunikationsunternehmen auf Zahlung einer einmaligen Ausgleichssumme vor. In ständiger Rechtsprechung legt der BGH, ge- stützt durch das BVerfG, die Bestimmung dahin aus, dass dieser Nach- entschädigungsanspruch auch dann entsteht, wenn eine schon für betriebsinterne Kommunikation genutzte Leitung nun zu kommerziellen Telekommunikationszwecken für die Öffentlichkeit verwendet wird. Diese Rechtsprechung widerspricht dem Wortlaut, dem Zweck und der Entstehungsgeschichte der Norm sowie insbesondere dem Infrastruktur- auftrag des Bundes gemäß Art. 87f GG. Das Unionsrecht erlegt der Bundesrepublik Deutschland die Schaffung einer Wegerechtsregelung auf, wie sie zuvor zugunsten der Fernmeldeorganisation gemäß § 10 TWG bestanden hat. Zumindest für die oberirdischen Leitungswege hätte der Bundesgesetzgeber eine Nutzung ohne Ausgleichszahlungen vorsehen müssen. Die gegenteilige Bestimmung verletzt die unions- rechtlichen Vorgaben, da eine unionsrechtskonforme Auslegung ange- sichts ihres Wortlauts ausscheidet.

Structural change, i.e. the change in the sector structure of the economy, is one of the most striking empirical facts of the development process. Well known examples of structural change are "industrialisation" and "transition to a services economy", which have key impacts on society, economy and especially (aggregate) economic growth. I elaborate the mathematical and theoretical foundations of structural change modelling; especially, I discuss the usage of partially balanced growth paths in structural change modelling and the integration of structural change into the neoclassical growth model (Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans- model). I systematise the literature on structural change by classifying different schools according to their modelling approach. Finally, I use my concepts for analysing some actual economic topics related to structural change and long-run economic growth. Especially, I analyse the Kuznets-Kaldor-puzzle, the impacts of offshoring on real GDP-growth and the effects of demand-shifts associated with population ageing.

Magnetic properties of in situ prepared size selected CoPt clusters deposited on magnetized substrates and of wetchemically synthesized 3.7 nm to 8.4 nm diameter CoPt nanoparticles on silicon in an external field of up to 7 T, were investigated with x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The magnetic moments were extracted using the XMCD sum rules, while some electronic properties, especially the oxidation state of the wetchemically prepared particles could be obtained from the x-ray absorption measurements. The magnetism of small deposited alloy clusters and particles may depend on their size, their composition and the substrate they are in contact with. To gain fundamental understanding size selected clusters of only a few atoms were deposited on a weakly and on a strongly exchange coupling substrate, while the composition and size of the clusters was varied between measurements. For the much larger, as prepared organic ligand covered wetchemically synthesized nanoparticles, their saturation magnetization, their oxidation state and the influence of aging was investigated in a time span of up to a 290 day.

Most photonic metamaterials consist of basic building blocks which are specifically engineered to exhibit electromagnetic resonances. These determine the optical properties of the material, thus rendering possible novel optical properties, such as magnetic responses at optical frequencies, negative permittivities and permeabilities, and even negative refractive indices. With these characteristics metamaterials expanded the range of what can be realised in optics, stimulating a vibrant and fast-growing field of fundamental research. In this work, the field distributions of resonant modes in selected 2-D metamaterials are investigated experimentally as well as numerically. Spectroscopic experiments are carried out with scanning near-field optical microscopes with aperture probes in collection mode. For the complementing numerical studies a theoretical model of the transmission process through the near-field aperture probes is introduced. This model is discussed and data derived with the model are used to corroborate the experimental results.

Quantum confinement in low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures enables materials with tuneable electronic and optical properties. This book discusses three-dimensionally confined structures in diamond, a material with remarkable physical attributes. Data for a series of size and shape-selected, hydrogen-passivated nanodiamonds (diamondoids) are presented. Diamondoids consist of face-fused cages that are perfectly sp³-hybridized and thus directly superimposable on the bulk diamond crystal lattice. The present gas phase experiments provide benchmark data as they were obtained under boundary conditions similar to those assumed in typical theoretical investigations. They show that characteristic optical properties for diamond nano-wire, -sheet, and -crystal evolve already in the sub-nm size regime. Most notably, a striking similarity in optical response between a tetrahedral diamondoid and the bulk material is found. Further, diamondoids have been found to luminesce in the UV, making them prospective candidates for optoelectronic applications. Besides their fundamental interest, the current findings disclose considerable technological potential of these new nanocarbon materials.

Although some topics of Discrete Geometry have been studied for many years by people such as Kepler and Cauchy, nowadays this branch of geometry is developing very fast. Many of the problems from Discrete Geometry are of fundamental importance for fields like convex optimization, coding theory, computational geometry, computer graphics, etc., and they can be explained in very clear and appealed way. Moreover, Discrete Geometry is continuing to fascinate due to attractive unsolved problems. The main goal of Discrete Geometry is the study of discrete arrangements in Euclidean space, as well as in non-Euclidean spaces. The present book is mainly concentred on the non-Euclidean case. Under considerations are finite dimensional vector spaces with a norm, which are also called Minkowski spaces.

Ribosome synthesis depends on nutrient availability sensed by the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway in eukaryotic cells. TOR inactivation affects ribosome biogenesis at the level of RNA polymerase I (Pol I)-dependent transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, expression of ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and ribosome biogenesis factors, pre-ribosome processing, and transport. Detailed analysis shows that upon TOR inactivation the levels of newly synthesized ribosomal subunits drop drastically before the integrity of the Pol I apparatus is severely impaired but in good correlation with a sharp decrease in r-protein production. Inhibition of translation by cycloheximide mimics the rRNA maturation defect observed immediately after TOR inactivation. Both cycloheximide addition and the depletion of individual r-proteins also reproduce TOR-dependent nucleolar entrapment of specific ribosomal precursor complexes. The conclusion could be drawn that shortage of newly synthesized r-proteins after short-term TOR inactivation is sufficient to explain most of the observed effects on ribosome production.

Since the theory of General Relativity has existed, the corresponding question has been discussed as to whether and to what degree Newton's theory of gravitation can be considered as a special case or, at least, as a limit situation of General Relativity. In the 1920s, E. Cartan took a very important step to a better understanding of this limit process. He formulated the Newtonian theory as a field theory on a four-dimensional manifold. In the 1980s, Jürgen Ehlers developed his frame theory and gave an answer to the question to which extend the transition from Einstein's theory of relativity to Newton's theory of gravitation was understood. In the present book we first examine the frame theory of Jürgen Ehlers, which makes it possible to compare the two theories. Then we discuss the concepts of a Newtonian and Quasi-Newtonian limit and talk about some standard examples. We finally examine conditions which ensure the existence of Quasi- Newtonain limits and discuss the question when a genuine Newtonian limit does exists.