Bøger udgivet af Syrawood Publishing House

The study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in plants is referred to as plant genetics. It is a specialized field of biology and botany. Molecular breeding refers to the application of molecular biology tools in breeding crop plants. It is used for plant improvement in terms of starch composition, grain quality, flower color, leaf color, flower development and plant architecture. The aim of molecular plant breeding is to create, select and fix superior plant phenotypes that are suitable for the needs of farmers and consumers. Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC), marker-assisted selection (MAS), marker-assisted recurrent selection (MARS), and genome-wide selection (GWS) are a few important molecular breeding techniques. These techniques are applied to analyze the different agronomic traits in order to increase the production, reduce the cost of producing plants with biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and increase the quality of plants. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of plant genetics and molecular breeding. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the global concepts in this area of study. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Sustainable agriculture refers to a type of farming practice that addresses the needs of present and future generations, while ensuring profitability, environmental health, and social and economic equity. It incorporates a wide range of eco-friendly methods of farming that allow the production of crops or livestock without causing any damage to human or natural systems. Some of the common sustainable agriculture practices include multiple cropping, permaculture, mixed farming, agroforestry, crop rotation, and use of plant biostimulants. In agriculture, biostimulant refers to any substance or a mixture of substances having natural or microbial origin, which helps to improve the condition of crops. The use of biostimulants has shown to stimulate germination, seeding, plant growth, and crop productivity. This book provides comprehensive insights on sustainable agriculture and the application of microorganisms as biostimulants. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the global concepts in this area of study. Students, researchers, experts, and all interested in sustainable agriculture will benefit alike from this book.

Animals get their nutrition either directly from plants they eat or indirectly by consuming other animals that have consumed plants. Some of the mechanisms through which nutrition can be obtained are suction feeding, fluid feeding, filter feeding, bulk feeding and deposit feeding. Good animal feeding is essential to ensure the welfare and health of animals, as well as the production of high quality and safe animal-derived products. Appropriate animal feeding and nutrition is also essential for the proper development and reproduction of animals. Furthermore, appropriate feeding helps the animals in developing strong immunity to fight infections. It also encourages better health in animals, which leads to increased productivity of products such as eggs, milk and meat. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the role of nutrition and feeding in improving animal production. It includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field. The book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important area of study.

Systems biology refers to the study of the behavior and interactions of the components of biological entities such as cells, organisms, molecules and organs. It seeks to comprehend entire biological systems functioning as a unit instead of only focusing on their individual components. Systems biology combines mathematical modeling, statistics and bioinformatics to analyze and integrate large amounts of data. This analysis helps in better understanding the biology of the given biological systems and helps in predicting the behavior of biological systems. There are three basic concepts that are critical for comprehending complex biological systems, namely, their emergence, robustness and modularity. Systems biology utilizes a variety of quantitative experimental and computational methods for deriving information flow from proteins, genes and other subcellular components. These methods help in determining the signaling, regulatory and functional pathways that control organ, cell, tissue and organismal level functions. This book aims to shed light on the role of systems biology in animal science. Its extensive content will provide the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

A tsunami is a natural disaster characterized by a sequence of swiftly moving waves in the ocean, triggered by volcanic eruptions, strong earthquakes, or landslides inside the ocean. They are mainly generated by tectonic dislocations beneath the sea that result from shallow focus earthquakes along the zones of subduction. Tsunamis propagate through the full depth of the ocean from the surface to the floor. They have long wavelengths and have the capability of destroying trees, removing sand from beaches, dragging and tossing houses, vehicles and even destructing entire cities and towns. Tsunami modeling acts as an essential instrument for evaluating the possible effects of tsunami on the target shoreline in relation to all the earthquake scenarios that are considered in the earthquake model. This book aims to shed light on tsunamis, their generation, propagation, effects and modeling. With its detailed analyses and data, it will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Swine refers to a type of omnivorous mammal that belongs to suidae family. They have thick bodies and short legs. Commercial breeds of domestic swine raised for meat production are easily accessible throughout the world. Diseases among swine can be caused by protozoa, bacteria, viruses, noxious substances, dietary deficiencies, and internal and external parasites. The diseases associated with swine include coccidiosis, swine dysentery, exudative dermatitis, porcine parvovirus, respiratory diseases and mastitis. Some of the safety measures that can be helpful in preventing diseases of swine include careful observation, nutritious pig feed, providing a clean environment for the animals, and quarantining infected animals. This book is a detailed explanation of the various diseases of swine. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers involved in the field of veterinary science and medicine.

Ocean optics is the study of the transmission of light through the ocean and interaction of light with other bodies in water. The sun rays that fall on the ocean water interact with the different dissolved and particulate constituents of the seawater. This interaction is studied using the methods of ocean optics. The information about the interaction of light in water is important for understanding the underwater ecosystems and their functioning. Ocean optics is a branch of oceanography that is engaged in the research on a wide range of issues related with engineering and ocean science. In-situ study of ocean optics is facilitated by using satellite data. This book elucidates the various methods and applications of ocean optics in a multidisciplinary manner. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Satellite radar altimetry refers to a technique that is used for calculating the vertical distance between a satellite and the nadir surface of the Earth by monitoring the time it takes for radar pulses to travel from the satellite antenna to the surface and back to the altimeter. It enables accurate remote sensing of the topography of the ocean's surface. Satellite altimetry is utilized in geodesy to investigate sea-level variability, tectonic plate motion, natural hazards, size and form of the Earth, inland water-related occurrences and Earth's gravity field over oceans. Satellite radar altimetry is also used widely in Earth analysis for regional and global geoid modeling, monitoring ice sheet melting, unifying vertical height systems, and observing the effects of sea level rise. This book aims to shed light on the applications of satellite radar altimetry in Earth analysis. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Meteorology is the science concerned with the atmosphere and its associated phenomena, including weather and climate. Atmosphere is a protective layer of gases that shelters all life forms present on the Earth. It consists of five layers including exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere. At a broad level, atmosphere can be divided into two parts, namely, lower atmosphere and upper atmosphere. Lower atmosphere consists of the troposphere and lower stratosphere, where most of the weather phenomena occur. The lower atmospheric meteorology studies weather, climate and other aspects of the atmosphere. The role of trace gases in stratosphere and their influence on the photochemistry of ozone, and the variations of winds in the thermosphere are studied under upper atmospheric meteorology. This book provides comprehensive insights into atmospheric science and meteorology. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

A gemstone is a precious or semi-precious stone, which is used for making jewelry and is used as an ornament due to its antiquity. Gemmology is the branch of mineralogy, which deals with the study of natural and artificial gemstones. The Earth's crust is composed of three types of rocks, including metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary. Each type of rock originates under various conditions resulting in a diverse range of gemstones. They can be categorized as precious gemstones and semi-precious gemstones. Precious gemstones include sapphires, diamonds, emeralds and rubies. All other gemstones are classified as semi-precious gemstones. Geological conditions like redox conditions, temperature and chemistry determine the amount of trace chemical components. The difference between a gemstone and mineral specimens can be determined through such trace chemical components. The color of the gemstone is determined by these components and can provide a basis for identifying the gemstone's origin. This book provides comprehensive insights on gemmology. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by it.

A geographic information system (GIS) refers to a type of computer based information system that displays and analyzes geographically referenced information. It makes use of information that is related to a particular geographical location. GIS can display a wide range of data on a single map such as plants, streets and buildings. GIS can be utilized for various purposes including resource management, environmental impact assessment, historical research, scientific research, cartography, marketing, asset management, urban planning, logistics, criminology, and sales. The primary application of GIS in natural resource management is to manage environmental problems and disasters such as soil erosion, earthquake, flood, drought, and landslide. It addresses major issues such as habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and population increase. The use of GIS in natural resource management also entails data modeling and analysis. This book outlines the applications of geographic information systems in natural resource management. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Remote sensing is a type of geospatial technology that is used to acquire information about an object or phenomenon without making any physical contact. Some major advantages of remote sensing include observation and monitoring of surface area and objects, and collecting information over large spatial areas. It is used to characterize physical objects or natural features on the ground. Data collected through remote sensing is used with other available data, which helps to facilitate decision-making. Remote sensing imagery must be interpreted in order to derive meaningful information. Image interpretation involves identifying and measuring various targets (features or objects) in an image. Before image analysis, the images can also be processed digitally. The results of image interpretation can be used for various applications such as classifying and categorizing vegetation and water management. This book unravels the recent studies on remote sensing and image interpretation. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

The rare-earth elements (REEs) or lanthanides refer to a group of 17 nearly identical lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals. These comprise the 15 lanthanides listed on the periodic table as well as yttrium and scandium. REEs are lustrous but they tarnish in air. The rare earth metals have high electrical conductivity. There are extremely minute differences in the solubility and complex formation between these elements. Lanthanum, cerium, neodymium and yttrium are the most abundant rare earth elements. The primary economic sources of REEs are the minerals loparite, bastnasite, monazite, and lateritic ion-adsorption clays. They react with other metallic and non-metallic elements to form compounds having distinct chemical properties. REEs are utilized in the production of phosphors, catalysts and polishing compounds. The compounds that comprise rare earth elements have a wide range of uses including lasers, magnetic materials, electrical and electronic components, glass and industrial processes. They are also used for defense applications such as radar and sonar systems, electronic displays, and guidance systems. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the rare earth elements. Researchers and students studying these elements will be greatly assisted by it.

The process of gathering information about the physical, chemical and biological systems of the Earth is called Earth observation. It uses remote sensing technology to continuously monitor land, water, environment and atmosphere. Earth observation plays an instrumental role in assessing and mitigating negative impacts across multiple areas such as agriculture, biodiversity, climate, disasters, ecosystems, energy, health, water and weather. In the recent years, various developments have taken place in satellite remote sensor technology and retrieval algorithms. These advancements have improved climate research, and observations related to land, oceans and atmosphere. Earth observation and monitoring can also help in evaluating and preventing disasters, climate change, and biodiversity loss. This book provides comprehensive insights into the subject of Earth observation and monitoring. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Students, researchers, experts, and all associated with geography, geology, and Earth sciences will benefit alike from this book.

Geoinformation technology refers to a science that deals with the acquisition, storage, management, analysis and delivery of geographic and spatially referenced information. It comprises an interactive site for deeper study of raster data on greenhouse gas emissions as well as a website for spatial analysis and visualization of vector data. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science that focuses on developing and managing technology that can learn to make decisions and perform actions autonomously on behalf of humans. It uses logic-based techniques and advanced analysis including machine learning to assist and automate decisions, interpret events, and take actions. The combination of geoinformation technologies and AI technologies has various applications such as exposure modeling in environmental epidemiology and automating cyber-physical systems. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the application of artificial intelligence in the field of geoinformation technology. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are bio-based and biodegradable polyesters produced naturally by numerous microorganisms such as certain bacterial species. Some of the microorganisms which are used for the production of PHAs are Ralstonia eutropha, Aspergillus eutrophus, and Cupriavidus necator. The properties of PHAs, including their biocompatibility and biodegradability, make them appropriate for a number of applications in various industries. In the biomedical sector, some major applications of PHAs are in the areas of drug delivery, surgery, tissue engineering, bio-implant patches, and wound dressing. PHAs are green plastics having positive social and environmental impact in contrast to conventional plastics, in regards to their production and recycling. There are no chronic or acute health effects of PHA, even if they are utilized in-vivo. This book provides comprehensive insights on the biomedical applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Bioengineering is a field of study that deals with the application of engineering practices to biology whereas biotechnology is a branch of applied science that uses living organisms and their derivatives to produce products and processes. Biocatalysis refers to the chemical process in which the biological catalysts or enzymes speed-up the process of reactions among organic components. Metabolic engineering aims to improve cellular biosynthetic productivity of target metabolites. This is done by redesigning and controlling metabolic pathways, through the utilization of genome-scale modeling, formation of novel pathways, multi-omics analysis and metabolic flux regulation. Biocatalysis and metabolic engineering together seek to create novel products using biological means by using genetic engineering in various microbial chassis with appropriate metabolic repertoires. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of biotechnology and bioengineering. The advancements in biocatalysis and metabolic engineering have been glanced at in detail. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Yeasts are eukaryotic and single-celled microorganisms that belong to the fungus kingdom. The beneficial physiological characteristics of yeasts have led to their application in the field of biotechnology. Sugar fermentation by yeast is the oldest and most widespread application of this technology. The production of different foods involve the use of different type of yeasts, including brewer's yeast for fermenting beer, baker's yeast for production of bread, as well as yeast for making xylitol and wine. They are also utilized as biocontrol agents in agriculture. They can also be used as a source of biocatalysts for the creation of protein medicines and high-value fine chemicals. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of yeast biotechnology. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in these fields.

Annexins (ANX) are a family of calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins. They are distributed widely in eukaryotes, but yeasts and prokaryotes do not contain these proteins. ANX are cytosolic proteins, which have pools of a soluble form and a form stably or reversibly linked to the parts of the proteins or cytoskeleton that facilitate interactions among the extracellular matrix and the cell. They interact with a number of cell-membrane elements, involved in growth regulation, organization of cell structure, as well as intracellular signaling done by ion fluxes and enzyme modulation. Furthermore, they can also function as a typical calcium channel. The functions of these proteins are now being translated from biomedical research into the clinical practice. This book explores all the important aspects of annexin biology in the present day scenario. The various advancements in the research on their biological importance are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Certain enzymes that are secreted by microbes such as fungi and bacteria present in the marine environment are called marine enzymes. These microbes secrete different enzymes based on their ecological functions and habitat. Marine microorganisms and their enzymes can function in environments with high pressure and light, high salt concentrations, and in a wide variety of temperatures. Marine enzymes are a significant source of biocatalysis. Fermentation process can be used to produce and extract marine enzymes from animals, microorganisms, and plants. Enzymes generated by marine microorganisms are used in a variety of sectors, including textiles, chemical, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, agriculture, and food processing. Marine enzymes exhibit a wide range of pharmacological uses, and can be used as pesticides, mycotoxins, pigments, antiparasitics, antibiotics, herbicides, antitumor agents, toxins, and growth promoters for both plants and animals. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends with respect to the sources, biocatalytic characteristics, and bioprocesses of marine enzymes. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.

Human genome refers to the complete set of genetic data in an organism. It is the full set of nucleic acid sequences in human beings that are encoded as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), inside the twenty three pairs of chromosomes in cell nuclei along with the DNA molecule present inside the mitochondria. The mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome are often considered separate. Noncoding sequences of DNA are also found in the human genome, along with coding DNA sequences. Understanding the development of the human genome can help in providing data on human evolution. This formed the basis of the Human Genome Project. It was focused on decoding chemical sequence that underlies the human genome and identifying all the genes that are there in the genome. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of human genome sequencing and research. Researchers and students engaged in the study of the human genome will assisted by it.

Fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms and can occur as yeasts, molds or as a combination of both forms. Mycology refers to the branch of biology involved in the study of fungi. It is concerned with the study of genetic and biochemical properties of fungi, as well as their taxonomy, benefits and harmful effects. There are three ways of classifying fungi based on their ability to reproduce asexually, sexually or by a combination of both. Fungi have several applications in a variety of industries such as food and pesticide. Yeast is a unicellular fungus used for making bread and other food items. The antibiotic known as penicillin is also obtained from a fungus named Penicillium notatum. This book provides significant information on fungi to help develop a good understanding of its diversity, ecology and biotechnological applications. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up.

The complete set of DNA instructions found in a cell is known as the genome. The specialty within biology which deals with the function, mapping, structure, evolution and editing of genomes is known as genomics. Human genome refers to the base pairs of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that comprise the entire set of chromosomes in the human body. It is a collection of long polymers of DNA, which contain both the coding and non-coding DNA regions. The structure, organization, chemical modifications and sequencing of these polymers provide the necessary machinery for communicating the information stored in the genome. All human biological research heavily relies on the sequenced human genome, because it is an essential reference for comparing all human genomes. Understanding the human genome provides insight into the disease risks or health tendencies of humans. It is also helpful in understanding the origin of the human species and the links that exist among human subpopulations. This book contains some path-breaking studies on genomics. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to its applications in human biology. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Enzymes are proteins that speed-up metabolism and chemical reactions that occur inside the human bodies. These proteins build or create some substances, while others are broken down. Enzyme technology refers to the branch of industrial biotechnology which encompasses biocatalysis, fundamental and applied enzymology, molecular modeling, structural biology, and diagnostics. The application of whole cells or isolated enzymes, as catalysts in organic reactions is termed as biocatalysis. The material-intensive process of enzyme purification is accomplished effectively by using whole-cell biocatalysts that contain active pathways or enzymes. The identification of the design of whole-cell biocatalysts and enzymes has been facilitated by recent developments in molecular biology, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology and computational techniques. This book unravels the recent studies on biocatalysts and enzyme technology. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in these fields of study.

Enzymes are proteins that act as biocatalysts and help increase the rate of biochemical reactions in living organisms. These are important for biological processes such as digestion and liver function. An excess or lack of a certain enzyme can lead to health problems. Enzymes are also used in multiple biotechnological industrial processes after being extracted from cells. They are used extensively in industries such as food processing industry, pharmaceutical industry, dairy industry, biofuel industry, and brewing industry. Proteases, amylases and lipases are commonly used enzymes in biological washing powders and various cleaning products. In food processing industry, amylase enzyme is used in the production of sweetening agents. Enzymes also play a fundamental role in analytical devices and assays that have forensic, clinical and environmental applications. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to enzyme biotechnology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Biocatalysis refers to the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance, known as a biocatalyst. Enzymes and hormones are types of biocatalysts. Enzymes are substances that function as catalysts in living organisms, controlling the pace at which the chemical reactions take place without changing the enzyme itself. They play a critical role in the catalysis of various reactions, such as the making of alcohols through fermentation process, and cheese through the breakdown of milk proteins. In large-scale chemical synthesis, the usage of enzymes is increasing and an in-depth knowledge of reaction mechanisms of enzymes will be helpful in drug target and delivery systems. This book is a valuable compilation of topics centered on the enzymatic basics and applications of biocatalysis. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on enzymes and biocatalysis. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Protein kinases are enzymes that use ATP to phosphorylate other proteins, which results in the alteration of their functions. These are signaling enzymes, which are responsible for regulating signal transduction in multiple intracellular processes such as glycogen synthesis, hormone responses, ion transport, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, transcription and antibiotic resistance. There are more than 30 families of kinases, of which protein kinase family is the largest. A few examples of protein kinases include AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), calcium calmodulin dependent kinases (CAMK), AGC kinase, casein kinase 1 (CK1), CMGC kinases, tyrosine kinases (TKs), and receptor interacting protein kinases (RIPKs). AMPK affects some major physiological functions such as metabolic activity. AMPKs are also critical for regulating lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and carbohydrate metabolism. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to protein kinases. It will also provide molecular insights on protein kinases to the readers. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Protein kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase that controls several signaling pathways. The structure of CK2 is tetrameric, which consists of two catalytic and two regulatory subunits. CK2 is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression and it has been observed to regulate cell cycle progression by protein-protein interactions. It is also involved in various biological processes such as DNA damage response, apoptosis, cell proliferation, cell cycle control, circadian rhythm regulation, transcription and translation. Furthermore, other functions of CK2 are related with human infections. There are certain viruses, which exploit the CK2 host cell for sustaining their life. CK2 activity has also been associated with various diseases including cancer, neurological diseases, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, diverse ophthalmic pathologies, and cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy and atherosclerosis. This book aims to shed light on the structure and regulation of protein kinase CK2. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are necessary for all life forms including humans, animals and microorganisms. They are composed of a sugar molecule, nitrogen-containing base, and phosphate groups. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are the two primary types of nucleic acids. Each kind of nucleic acid has a unique structure and performs different functions in the cells. Nucleic acids play an important role in the storage and expression of genomic data. Cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs) are a mixture of small segments of DNA and RNA present in biological fluids such as blood, saliva and urine. The cfNAs have the potential to act as valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of several diseases including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. They can also be used for prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases. This book provides comprehensive insights into the current progress in nucleic acids research. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the latest concepts in this area of study.

Climate change refers to the long-term changes in weather patterns and temperature. These changes could be caused by natural processes, such as deviations in the solar cycle. Climate change can lead to various wide ranging issues such as high temperature, water and food shortages, increased diseases, economic loss, and increased flooding. Planning for climate change comprises methods for decreasing risks related with disasters, adaptation to current and expected environmental changes, and mitigation strategies for future climate change. This is primarily accomplished by lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Green infrastructure can help cities in adapting to climate change by regulating storm water runoff and minimizing the urban heat island effect. The development of sustainable urban planning is essential for combating climate change. In order to improve performance of built environment, sustainable design aims to reduce adverse effects on the environment, ensuring the comfort and health of the inhabitants. This book provides comprehensive insights on the role of green infrastructure and sustainable design in mitigating climate change. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.