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Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine which focuses on the treatment of disease, injury and disorder in animals. It is also concerned with the diagnosis and prevention of these ailments. Veterinary science benefits human health by monitoring and controlling infectious diseases which can be transmitted from animals to humans. One of the approaches through which this is accomplished is through vaccination. Veterinary vaccines seek to improve the health and welfare of companion animals and prevent animal-to-human transmission for both domestic and wild animals. There are different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines such as molecularly defined subunit vaccines, whole pathogen preparations, genetically engineered organisms, and naked DNA injections. The various advancements in veterinary vaccines are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail in this book. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on vaccines in veterinary medicine.

Food science is the discipline concerned with the study of food. It can be defined as a subject where other disciplines like biology, engineering, physical sciences, biochemistry, chemistry and microbiology are used in order to get a detailed understanding of the nature of food and its processing. It also focuses on the improvement of food to ensure its fitness for consumption. Food science applies basic science and engineering to examine the biological, chemical and physical nature of food and its processing. Food technology is concerned with developing new food products. It also focuses on developing better packaging materials, studying shelf-life, and microbiological and chemical testing. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of food science and technology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

The scientific study of human body movement is known as kinesiology. It primarily addresses the physiological, biomechanical and psychological dynamic principles and mechanisms of movement. Human kinesiology have applications in the area of biomechanics, orthopedics and sports psychology. Kinesiology involves various principles of neuroplasticity, adaptation through exercise, motor redundancy, etc. It primarily applies the sciences of biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, psychology and neuroscience to study movements. The discipline of sports science studies how the human body works during exercise and how health is promoted through sports and physical activities. The study of sports science includes areas like physiology, psychology, anatomy, biomechanics and biokinetics. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of kinesiology and sports science and their utmost significance in modern times. It traces the progress of these fields and highlights some of their key concepts and applications. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts.

Environmental pollution refers to the contamination of the natural environment due to the introduction of chemical substances or energy in the form of heat, noise or light. Such chemical and energy species, or pollutants, can be artificially produced or occur in nature. Environmental pollution can be classified as air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, thermal pollution, noise pollution, radioactive contamination, etc. Motor vehicle emissions, nuclear waste disposal activity, petrochemical plants, burning of natural vegetation, use of pesticides and herbicides, nuclear waste disposal activity, etc. are primary causes of environmental pollution. Pollution is harmful to the environment and to humans in several ways. Adverse air and water quality can kill organisms and cause diseases, while mercury ingestion is associated with neurologic symptoms and developmental deficits in children. Through adroit pollution control measures, particularly by adopting the practices of reusing, recycling, composting and minimizing wastes, pollution can be effectively managed. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around environmental pollution. Some of the diverse topics covered in this book address the varied causes, impacts and management techniques of environmental pollution. This book is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of chemical and civil engineering that is concerned with the improvement and maintenance of the environment. Its objective is promoting human health, improving the quality of life and protecting ecosystems. The applications of environmental engineering are far-reaching. Its foundations are built upon the principles of geology, chemistry, ecology, hydraulics, biology, microbiology, mathematics and hydrology. This helps in deriving solutions for the control of water and air pollution, waste water management, waste disposal, recycling, etc. There has been rapid progress in environmental engineering and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of this field. Researchers and students in this area of study will be greatly assisted by this book.

The engineering discipline which focuses on the application of the scientific and engineering principles for the improvement and maintenance of the environment is known as environmental engineering. It is a sub-discipline of chemical engineering and civil engineering. Environmental engineering uses concepts from various scientific topics such as geology, microbiology, chemistry, ecology, biology, hydraulics and mathematics in order to find ways to protect and improve the health of living organisms. It aims to protect human health and ecosystems, and improve the environment-related quality of human life. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of environmental engineering.While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impacts as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Geoscience is a natural science which deals with the study of the Earth, its physical constitution and its atmosphere. The understanding of the Earth's interior provides insights into plate tectonics, and the formation of volcanoes, mountain ranges and earthquakes. The mechanisms responsible for the sustenance of life on Earth, and water and atmosphere retention can be understood from a study of the Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field. Geoscience encompasses various domains such as atmospheric chemistry, hydrometeorology, hydrology, biogeochemistry, paleontology, oceanography, geology, geophysics, geomorphology, etc. These studies rely on a combination of observational, theoretical and experimental approaches. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the concepts and applied principles of geosciences. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with geoscience will benefit alike from this book.

Renewable energy refers to the energy that is derived from renewable resources which can be naturally replenished on a human timescale. The energy harnessed from wind, tides, waves, geothermal heat, air and sunlight is renewable. It has applications in transportation, electricity generation, rural energy services, and air and water heating and cooling. In contrast to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are spread over wide geographical areas, and their rapid deployment can have implications in climate change mitigation, energy security and engendering economic benefits. Today, renewable energy systems are becoming cheaper and more efficient. Renewable energy technologies pertaining to marine energy, cellulosic ethanol and hot-dry-rock geothermal power are also being developed. Innovative designs such as floating solar arrays, artificial photosynthesis using nanotechnology, solar-assisted heat pump, solar aircraft, algae fuels, and similar such renewable energy technologies are also being designed. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in renewable energy. The various advancements in renewable energy technologies are glanced at and their effect in terms of environmental sustainability are looked at in detail. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about renewable energy.

The cells that can divide in self-renewal to produce more of the same type of stem cells and differentiate into other types of cells are known as stem cells. There are two broad types of stem cells in mammals - embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. The embryonic stem cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts in early embryonic development. Adult stem cells are found in various tissues in fully developed mammals. Stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells in a developing embryo including endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. They also play an important role in maintaining the normal turnover of regenerative organs like intestinal tissues, blood and skin. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of stem cell biology. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

Topography is an interdisciplinary field which focuses on the surface shape, features and description of land surfaces. It includes the records of the relief or terrain, identification of specific landforms, and three-dimensional quality of the surface. A topographic study is done for geological exploration and military planning. The objective is to determine the position of any feature and point in a horizontal coordinate system. There are numerous forms of topographic data which involves raw survey data, remote sensing data, etc. A topographic map is a type of map in modern mapping which is characterized by large scale detail. It is a quantitative representation of relief using contour lines. Various techniques used in topography include surveying, aerial photography and satellite imagery, photogrammetry, remote sensing, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of topography. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on topography have been included in it. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights into this field.

The biological branch which deals with the study of the effects of low temperatures on living beings in the cryosphere of the Earth is known as cryobiology. The biological material and systems are studied at moderately hypothermic conditions to cryogenic temperatures. Cryobiology primarily studies systems and materials such as organs, tissues, proteins, cells as well as whole organisms. The central areas of study in cryobiology are the study of cryosurgery, and cold-adaptation of microorganisms, animals and plants. It also studies cryopreservation of cells, gametes, tissues of animals and humans. It also deals with the preservation of organs under hypothetical conditions and physics of supercooling. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of cryobiology and related fields. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, it makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Biological physics or biophysics is an interdisciplinary science which applies the principles and methods of physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics encompasses the study of all scales of biological organization, by directly observing, modeling and manipulating the structures and interactions of molecules and molecular complexes. A number of techniques are used for the study of biological systems. Fluorescent imaging techniques include X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, small-angle scattering, etc. to visualize structures of biological significance. Dual polarization interferometry and circular dichroism are used to measure conformational change in structure, and optical tweezers or AFM are used to directly manipulate molecules. Research in biophysics is interdisciplinary in its approach and often draws from the fields of physiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, nanotechnology, bioengineering, biomechanics, systems biology, among others. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on biological physics have been included in this book. There has been rapid progress in this field and its applications are finding their way across multiple industries. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in biophysics.

Tissue engineering refers to the use of science and technology to improve or replace biological tissues. It is used in medicine for the repair or replacement of bone, cartilage, skin, muscle, etc. It involves the development of new viable tissue with the aid of a tissue scaffold. Innovations in stem cells, their growth and differentiation, and biomaterial and biomimetic environments have allowed the fabrication of tissues in the laboratory using combinations of cells, biologically active molecules and engineered extracellular matrices. The goal of tissue engineering is the development of human replacements parts, with functional and biomechanical stability, and complex functionality. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of tissue engineering. It presents the complex subject of tissue engineering in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The organisms which can cause diseases or infections are referred to as pathogens. The scientific study of diseases in plants that are caused by pathogens and various physiological factors is referred to as plant pathology. Some of the organisms that can cause infectious diseases are viruses, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, phytoplasmas, fungi and oomycetes. Plant pathology deals with pathogen identification, disease cycles, disease etiology, disease resistance and plant disease epidemiology. The physiological plant disorders which are caused by natural processes such as frost, snow, drought and flooding are also studied within this field. The topics included in this book on plant pathology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The study of botany and the use of medicinal plants is known as herbal medicine or phytomedicine. Human beings have used plants as a basis of medical treatments for decades. Herbal drugs are categorized as a part of traditional medicine. They are produced in various forms such as herbal teas, which result from extracting herbs into water, tinctures, which are obtained by combining ethanol with herbs, and essential oil extracts. Modern medicine also makes extensive use of many compounds which are derived from plants. The scope of herbal medicine is not limited to plants alone but is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of herbal medicine. It also studies how they are developed and how they can be applied in the treatment of various ailments. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove to be extremely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Atmospheric science primarily deals with the study of the Earth's atmosphere and its processes. It also studies the effects of other systems on the atmosphere as well as the effects of the atmospheric processes on these systems. Aeronomy, meteorology and climatology are the important areas of atmospheric science. The upper layers of the atmosphere are studied in aeronomy. Meteorology focuses on weather forecasting and includes atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry. Climatology studies atmospheric changes that occur due to natural and anthropogenic climatic variability. Atmospheric science is a vast field that also encapsulates planetary science. It studies the atmospheres of other planets and natural satellites of the solar system. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of atmospheric science and how such concepts have practical applications. Such selected concepts that redefine this field have been presented in this book. It includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Veterinary science deals with the health and well-being of animals. There are a broad range of aspects studied within this field such as the treatment of domesticated and wild animals as well as the research on the ailments related to animals. The research based on issues related to human-animal interactions such as wildlife and ecosystem health, food safety, public policy, and zoonotic diseases are also dealt under veterinary science. There are multiple specialties within veterinary medicine which are related to general medicine, such as anesthesiology, cardiology and clinical pathology. Veterinary medicine also consists of experts who specialize in certain family of animals such as bovine, canine and poultry. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to veterinary science. The progress which has been made till date and the current trends in this field have also been discussed. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Cell is considered to be the basic unit of life. The branch of biology which studies the structure and function of the cell is known as cell biology or cytology. The basic concerns of cell biology are the physiological properties, metabolic processes, life cycle, signaling pathways, chemical composition and interactions of the cell with their environment. It encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Therefore, it functions on microscopic as well as molecular level. The knowledge of how cells work and its components is fundamental to all biological sciences. It is also essential to the on-going research in bio-medical. Genetics, molecular biology, immunology and biochemistry are some fields which are closely related to the research in cell biology. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of the field of cell biology are examined in detail in this book. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Veterinary medicine is a medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, control and treatment of conditions affecting the health of animals. The prevention and control of diseases that may be transmitted to other animals and humans is also under the scope of veterinary medicine. Medical and surgical procedures, such as caring for oral health, setting fractures and vaccinating are some of the responsibilities of a veterinarian. Vaccines have resulted in a dramatic decrease in companion animal diseases, such as feline distemper and canine distemper. Some of the specialties of veterinary medicine are dentistry, ophthalmology and dermatology. A number of instrumentation technologies used in veterinary medicine have a diagnostic or therapeutic functionality, such as echocardiography, endoscopy, laser lithotripsy, nuclear scintigraphy, ultrasonography, etc. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to veterinary medicine. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Information can be gathered about an object, event or phenomenon without making direct physical contact with it. This is possible by applying the technology of remote sensing. Using satellite-based or aircraft-based sensor technology, objects on the Earth can be detected and classified. Data can be acquired from conventional radar, laser and radar altimeters, LIDAR, ultrasound and radar tide gauges, spectropolarimetric imaging, radiometers and photometers, etc. Remote sensing is useful in varied domains such as land surveying, hydrology, geography, ecology, glaciology, oceanography, etc. It also has commercial, economic, military, intelligence and humanitarian applications. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of remote sensing. Also included in this book is a detailed explanation of the different methods used for the analysis, interpretation and use of remote sensing data. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Rural development is a concept centred on the improvement in the quality of life and the economic health of communities living in rural areas. Traditionally, the focus of rural development has been solely on the exploitation of natural resources such as forestry and agriculture. In modern times, with increased urbanization and improved global production networks, the focus has shifted to tourism, recreation and niche manufacturing. However for much of the developing world today, agricultural development remains the most potent weapon to end extreme poverty and boost rural development. It is crucial for economic growth, accounting for nearly 1/3rd of the global gross domestic product. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of agricultural development and its utmost significance in modern times. It elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to rural development. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Geophysics is a natural science that deals with the study of the physical properties and processes of the Earth and its surrounding environment. It encompasses the study of the Earth's internal structure and composition, shape and dynamics, as well as the processes of rock formation, generation of magma, and volcanism. The study of the phenomena of heat flow, radioactivity, fluid dynamics, electricity and gravity, and their implications on Earth's processes are also under the scope of this field. Geophysical studies are guided by data collected using satellites and space probes, and geodesy. Geophysics is a wide field with applications in exploration of mineral resources, mitigation of natural resources and environmental protection. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts and emerging trends in the field of geophysics. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. Researchers and students in this discipline will be assisted by this book.

The science that finds, identifies, classifies, describes and names plants is called plant taxonomy. It is closely associated with plant systematics. Plant taxonomy facilitates an organized system for the cataloging and naming of specimens. Identification, classification and description are the main goals of plant taxonomy. Plant identification is a process of identifying an unknown plant by comparing it with previously collected specimens or through an identification manual. Plant classification is the practice of placing known plants into categories or groups to show some relationship. Giving a formal description of a newly discovered species usually in the form of a scientific paper using ICN guidelines is called plant description. This book provides significant information about this discipline to help develop a good understanding of plant taxonomy and related fields. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field of study.

Plant genetics is associated with the study of genes, heredity and genetic variations in plants. It is considered a field of botany and biology, but frequently intersects with other life sciences as well. There are major economic impacts of the study of plant genetics such as genetic modification of staple crops to increase their yield, confer pest and disease resistance or provide resistance to herbicides. An understanding of the mode of reproduction is vital for facilitating the manipulation and breeding of improved plant varieties. Research in modern plant genetics and the sequencing of many plant genomes are the results of genetic modification. Agrobacterium method and gene gun are the two predominant procedures for transforming genes in organisms. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and the evolution of plant genetics are examined in detail in this book. Students, researchers, experts and all associated with this discipline will benefit alike from this book.

Astronomy is the natural science that involves the observation and explanation of various events occurring outside Earth and its atmosphere. It applies chemistry, mathematics and physics to study the origin, phenomena and evolution of celestial bodies. The celestial objects studied under this discipline include nebulae, planets, stars, moons, galaxies and comets. It also studies phenomena like quasars, cosmic microwave background radiation, supernova, pulsars and gamma-ray bursts. Astronomy can be further classified into solar astronomy, astrophysics, stellar astronomy, astrochemistry, galactic astronomy, astrobiology and cosmology. This book attempts to understand the multiple branches that fall under the discipline of astronomy and how such concepts have practical applications. It strives to provide a fair idea about this field and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this area of study. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Agricultural science is the field of science concerned with food and fiber production and processing. It is a broad field of biology encompassing diverse social, natural and economic sciences, which are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Modern agriculture draws insights from plant breeding and genetics, horticulture, soil science, plant pathology, theoretical production ecology, entomology, etc. The techniques of crop cultivation and harvesting, soil cultivation, animal husbandry, etc. are vital to the practice of agriculture. Integrated pest management, agricultural chemistry, agricultural biotechnology, agricultural economics and agricultural engineering are some of the branches of agricultural science. This book studies, analyzes and upholds the pillars of agricultural science and its utmost significance in modern times. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of this field. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on this discipline.

Livestock refers to domesticated animals that are raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities like eggs, fur, meat, milk, wool and leather. Livestock animals can be domestic, semidomestic or captive wild animals. Livestock production is a major economic and cultural contributor in many rural communities. Proper feeding, good husbandry and hygiene are important for ensuring the good health of animals. The routine use of vaccinations and antibiotics promote growth in animals and render immunity against deadly diseases. Intensive animal farming is an upcoming aspect of modern agriculture, where livestock are reared in factory farms. This has potentially raised the yield but has also raised concerns on its negative impact on environment and animal health and welfare. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to livestock management. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest trends in this field. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this area of study.

Bioinorganic chemistry is the science that studies the role of metals in biology. This field involves the study of the behavior of metalloproteins and artificially introduced metals in medicine and toxicology. Some of the focus areas in bioinorganic chemistry are the study of transport and storage of metal ions, enzymology, bioorganometallic chemistry, toxicity, oxygen transport and activation proteins, metals in medicine, etc. Many reactions involve water and metal ions that are usually at the catalytic centers for these enzymes. Aerobic life has an extensive use of metals like copper, iron and manganese. Heme is used in the form of hemoglobin by red blood cells for the transport of oxygen. Some metalloproteins protect biological systems from the potentially harmful effects of reactive oxygen-containing molecules. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of bioinorganic chemistry and the recent researches in this field. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The science and technology of the production and use of plants for food, fiber, fuel and land reclamation may be termed as agronomy. The field encompasses the areas of plant physiology, plant genetics, soil science and meteorology. Some of the issues dealt under agronomy are the management of the environmental impact of agriculture, creation of healthier food and generation of energy from plants. Plant breeding, soil fertility, weed control, irrigation and drainage, pest control, etc. are important focus areas of agronomic studies. Modern agronomy is concerned with the production of the crops with improved nutritional value and increased crop yields under diverse environmental conditions. This is possible through selective breeding of crops. In addition, the quality of the soil needs to be preserved and the effects of erosion controlled. The field of agronomy addresses all these vital issues. The various sub-fields of agronomy along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to agronomy. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Mycology is a field of biology which is concerned with the study of fungi, including all aspects of their taxonomy, use, and biochemical and genetic properties. Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms which acquire food by absorbing dissolved molecules, usually by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Many fungi produce toxins, antibiotics and other metabolites. For centuries mushrooms have been part of folk medicine in several parts of the world. Research focused on the investigation of the hypoglycemic activity of mushrooms, as well as their anti-pathogenic, immune-enhancing and anti-cancer activity is being actively pursued. Fungi can also break down complex organic biomolecules, pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Certain fungi, such as oomycetes and myxomycetes cause diseases in plants and animals. However, there are many fungal species which also control plant diseases caused by different pathogens. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to mycology. The objective of this book is to give a general view of this field and its applications. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of this discipline.