Bøger udgivet af University of Alberta Press

Whaling for food has been a part of Faroese life for the past thousand years. Late in the 20th century, this community-based activity came under enormous pressure from international animal rights and environmental organisations. These organisations initiated an international boycott of Faroese fisheries and fish products to 'bring the Faroes to their knees' and end their whaling. With some 95% of the Faroese economy based on fisheries and fish products, this action clearly threatened the economic viability of the Faroes. This book examines the claims of the animal rights and environmental organisations and sets these against the reality of Faroese life. The book has three aims. First, to trace the development of the grindadr?p, the Faroese institution for managing whaling and distributing the products of the hunt, from settlements of the islands in the 10th century through to the present time. Second, to determine the institution's performance in terms of its ability to maintain itself and sustainably manage the resource on which it is based, the long-finned pilot whale. Third, using this assessment, respond to the claims of the animal rights and environmental organisations to determine if these claims have any basis.

In 1925, four Inuit men from the central Canadian Arctic boarded a Revillon Fr?res supply ship bound for the South. Stuck in the ice-pack during the winter of 1924-25, the Jean Revillon needed repair and a crew to make it back to its hauling location at Shelburne, Nova Scotia. Some non-Inuit involved in this voyage referred to it as an 'experiment.' Since it was the first time Inuit would man a company ship on such a long journey. Lionel Angutinguaq, Athanasie Angutitaq, Louis Taapatai, and Savikataaq, having brought the ship to save harbour, spent the winter in the South and returned home the next spring. In relating their experience to people on their return they provided first-hand accounts of life in the South. In the 1990s, the story of these Inuit sailors was still a topic of discussion in the North. However, memories about it were fragmented. Archival research and fieldwork provided missing information and a relatively complete account of their round trip is now available. Their story was also adapted as teaching material for Inuit students participating in a university introductory summer program, called NunaScotia. This monograph, based on collaborative ethno-historical research and fieldwork, relates the story, the collaborative process and its outcomes, both scientific (numerous conference presentations) and pedagogical. The trip from Qamani'tuaq (Baker Lake), in contemporary Nunavut, to southern Canada documents the early relationships between Inuit and Nova Scotians. Various points-of-view contribute to the broadest possible understanding of the journey. Such diverse perspectives are expected since the Inuit sailors, the Revillon family and the people associated with the shipbuilding industry or the fur trade were involved in the trip per se to various degrees. The reasons they were all engaged in this voyage are also, to some extent, quite disparate. Still, Roundtrip is a clear example of how people from very different backgrounds collaborated in the past, when Inuit actually sailed onboard the Jean Revillon, and more recently, when the research was conducted.

Fishing often makes an important contribution to food security in northern regions, where agriculture is impossible or marginal at best, as well as providing important occupational and economic diversification in small and often remote communities. In such locations the high cost and often low nutritional value of imported foods can be offset by fishing, hunting and gathering activities that contribute significantly to peoples' socio-economic circumstances and health. In some societies, fishing is regarded as women's work, but in far more cases it is considered to be men's work. The conventional recognition of the primary role of men in fish harvesting often results in men's knowledge being the principal (or only) source of important local knowledge considered by fisheries' managers and decision-makers. The resulting under-representation of women's knowledge may compromise the quality of management decision-making, suggesting the desirability of including knowledge obtained by women more especially during the processing and food-preparation phases of product use. This book provides the reader with a current accounting of the generally under-recognized role of women in a variety of northern subsistence and industrial fisheries, both aboriginal and non-aboriginal, rural- and urban-based, in Alaska, Arctic Canada, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The authors draw attention to the need for a more critical understanding of the emphasis often placed on hunting and associated male dominance in food production in northern societies. Whereas the representation of men as hunters (and fishers) and women as gatherers and food-preparers is all too commonly encountered in the literature, this collection argues that fishing as an activity may be much more ambiguous and nuanced than previously considered, and increasingly so as modernization further alters customary social roles and attitudes. Today (and almost certainly continuing into the future), the occupational opportunities available to more highly-educated rural residents offer a wider range of choices with respect to work, place of residence, and lifestyle, suggesting that it is unwise to seek to predict how the changing roles of women in fisheries will appear in the future. This volume tests a number of assumptions and prior conclusions in respect to gender and fisheries, and indeed, of gender relations more generally, and in so doing provides useful information and insights that inform current understandings of these northern societies and social identities, as well as very likely stimulating future research. Chapters by: Katherine Reedy-Maschner; Virginia Mulle and Sine Anahita; Martina Nyrrell; Anna Karlsd?ttir; Kerrie-Ann Shannon; Melissa Robinson, Phyllis Morrow, and Darlene Northway; Siri Gerrard; Joanna Kafarowski; Maria ?den; Elina Helander-Renvall; Elisabeth Angell; Gunhild Hoogensen

Extensively illustrated with contemporary and archival photographs, detailed diagrams, and original artistic renderings, this work documents the history and present lives of a group of Evenki hunters and reindeer herders living at the headwaters of the Lower Tunguska River in Eastern Siberia. According to Sirina, Katanga Evenkis are best described by the flexible and creative way they use the land around them. They have exercised a strong presence in their environment despite sever pressure by Soviet-era ethnic and industrial development policies, and by recent economic privatization. The author further argue that today Katanga Evenkis continue to 'make a home for themselves in the taiga' using a variety of adaptive strategies an intuitions in a way that reflects what she calls the 'outlook of a mobile people.' Based on Sirina's extensive fieldwork, this book includes numerous first-person accounts as well as a multi-season hunter's diary, and is also supported by an excellent command of the published and archival material on the region.

In this intriguing study, Michael Heazle examines how International Whaling Commission (IWC) policy dramatically shifted from furthering the interests of whaling nations to eventually banning all commercial whaling. Focusing on the internal workings of a single organization, Heazle explores the impact of political and economic imperatives on the projection and interpretation of scientific research and advice. Central to his work are the epistemological problems encountered in the production of "truth." Science does not produce incontestable facts that can be expected to lead to consensus decisions; rather, the problematic nature of knowledge itself allows for various interpretations of data depending on the interests of those at the table. It is precisely the nature of scientific knowledge, Heazle argues, that has made uncertainty a tool in service of political objectives. When scientific advice to whaling nations could not with absolute certainty declare whaling practices a threat to stocks, those IWC members with substantial investments of political and economic capital used this uncertainty to reject a reduction in quotas. As perceptions of whaling changed-with the collapse of Antarctic whaling stocks, further diminishing economic returns, and public opinion turning against commercial whaling-uncertainty switched sides. Nonwhaling members in the IWC, a majority by the 1970s, claimed that because scientific data could not probe that commercial whaling was sustainable, hunting should stop. Uncertainty was used to protect the resource rather than the industry. That science cannot be an impartial determinant in policy-making decisions does not render it useless. But Heazle's analysis does suggest that without understanding the role of scientific uncertainty-and the political purposes for which it is used-international cooperation on wildlife management and broader issues will continue to become bogged down in arguments over whose science is correct.

The traditional pursuit of whales by Eskimo hunters remains an area in which humans articulate directly with natural processes. To present-day urban dwellers, such direct relations between people, wild animals, and the environment may seem exotic but they continue to be important pursuits for many I?upiat and Yupik peoples. This volume traces regional Native whaling practices from approximately 2,000 years to the present. Contributions center on three themes: variations in whaling, Yupik and I?upiat whaling traditions over time, and interactions with changing environmental conditions that include major climatic episodes as well as shorter fluctuations. Western Arctic Native whaling has never been a uniform practice. By calling attention to local, flexible adaptations, this volume distinguishes between common approaches and how societies lived in real time and space. Papers by: Allen P. McCartney and Roger K. Harritt; John C. Dixon; Roger K. Harritt; Owen K. Mason and Valerie Barber; Yvon Csonka; Lev G. Dinesman and Arkady B. Savinetsky; James M. Savelle and Allen P. McCartney; Howard W. Braham; Lyudmila S. Bogoslovskaya; John C. George, Stephen Braund, Harry Brower, Jr., Craig Nicolson, and Todd M. O'Hara; Barbara Bodenhorn; Carol Zane Jolles; Mary A. Larson; Susan W. Fair; Mark S. Cassell; and Herbert O. Anungazuk.

This volume, a product of the project's start-up conference, during the Canadian Archaeological Association meetings in May 2001, is both a reflection of our current state of knowledge and a research outline. The assembled papers highlight the interdisciplinary and international nature of the Baikal Archaeology Project. The eleven papers review current research, or present preliminary field or laboratory work, or do a little bit of both. The theoretical and empirical program of work for the Baikal Archaeology Project is laid out. The papers contributed by Russian collaborators provide an important introduction to Russian perspectives on this research including theoretical approaches, model building, and data analysis and interpretation. Some of these approaches inevitably differ from those developed by the rest of the team, which, of course, is not entirely homogeneous in this regard either. Such differences can only be viewed as creative stimuli in this collaborative project.

Articles explore distance education, focusing on northern and remote communities in Canada, Botswana, and Nigeria. Programs in post-secondary education, including teacher training, credit and non-credit programs, are described. Also explores theoretical perspectives on the notion of 'community' and 'sustainability'. Chapters by: Denis Wall; Michael Robinson; Margaret Haughey; Richard D. Hotchkis and Linda Dreidger; Hafiz Wali; Johannes N. S. Mutanyatta; Dennis B. Sharpe; Terry Anderson; Margaret Fiddler; Pat Larsen; W. Bruce Clark; Noel Gour; Steve Schafer

Offers a perspective of northern native societies that have depended upon whaling for centuries. Alaskan and Western Canadian Arctic coastal residents have pursued these animals as sources of food and fuel, but whaling also serves as a center for cultural traditional and spiritual sustenance. Papers by: Rober K. Harritt, Carol Zane Jolles, and Allen P. McCartney; Owen K. Mason and S. Craig Gerlach; Roger K. Harritt; Don E. Dumond; Linda Finn Yarborough; Allen P. McCartney; T. Max Friesen and Charles D. Arnold; James M. Savelle; David R. Yesner; Hans-Georg Bandi; Glenn W. Sheehan; Mary Ann Larson; Carol Zane Jolles; Stephen R. Braund and Elisabeth L. Moorehead; Howard W. Braham; Carol Zane Jolles; and Herbert O. Anungazuk.

A compilation of highly sought-after research focusing on wolf management and recovery programs in North America. Reviews the status of wolves in Canada, the United States, Greenland, and the Trans-Himalayan region. Specific chapters address several themes: historical perspectives and the evolution of wolf-human relationships; the status, biology, and management of wolves; restoration, reintroduction, and control programs; wolf-prey dynamics and implications of conservation practices; behavior and social interactions; taxonomy; diseases and physiology; and, research and management techniques. Proceedings of the Second North American Symposium on Wolves, 1992. Papers by: L. Boitani; F.F. Gilbert; R.D. Hayes and J.R. Gunson; F.L. Miller; R.O. Stephenson, W.B. Ballard, C.A. Smith, and K. Richardson; U. Marquard-Peterson; R.P. Thiel and R.R. Ream; P. Schullery and L. Whittlesey; C.E. Kay; D. Dekker, W. Bradford, and J.R. Gunson; J.L. Fox and R.S. Chundawat; S.H. Fritts, D.R. Harms, J.A. Fontaine and M.D. Jimenez; D.K. Boyd, P.C. Pacquet, S. Donelon, R.R. Ream, D.H. Pletscher, and C.C. White; D.R. Parsons and J.E. Nicholopoulos; A.P. Wydeven, R.N. Schultz, and R.P. Thiel; M.K. Phillips, R. Smith, V.G. Henry, and C. Lucash; R.P. Thiel and T. Valen; D.R. Seip; F. Messier; M.S. Boyce; D.J. Vales and J.M. Peek; B.W. Dale, L.G. Adams, and R.T. Bowyer; L.D. Mech, T.J. Meier, J.W. Burch, and L.G. Adams; L.G. Adams, B.W. Dale, and L.D. Mech; D.C. Thomas; D.R. Klein; C.S. Asa; C.S. Asa and L.D. Mech; T.J. Meier, J.W. Burch, L.D. Mech, and L.G. Adams; G.J. Forbes and J.B. Theberge; R.O. Peterson; T.K. Fuller; S.G. Fancy and W.B. Ballard; C. Vila, V. Urios, and J. Castroviejo; R.E. Anderson, B.L.C. Hill, J. Ryon, and J.C. Fentress; W.G. Brewster and S.H. Fritts; R.M. Nowak; R.K. Wayne, N. Lehman, and T.K. Fuller; R.M. Nowak, M.K. Phillips, V.G. Henry, W.C. Hunter, and R. Smith; C.J. Brand, M.J. Pybus, W.B. Ballard, and R.O. Peterson; M.R. Johnson, T.N. Bailey, E.E. Bangs, and R.O. Peterson; M.D. Drag, W.B. Ballard, G.M. Matson, and P.R. Krausman. W.B. Ballard, D.J. Reed, S.G. Fancy, and P.R. Krausman; W.B. Ballard, M.E. McNay, C.L. Gardner, and D.J. Reed; D.A. Haggstrom, A.k. Ruggles, C.M. Harms, and R.O. Stephenson; H.D. Cluff and D.L. Murray; R.D. Boertje, D.G. Kelleyhouse, and R.D. Hayes; R. Reid and D. Janz; R. Coppinger and L. Coppinger; P.L. Clarkson; L.D. Mech; Epilogue by M. Hummel

A compilation of highly sought-after research focusing on wolf management and recovery programs in North America. Reviews the status of wolves in Canada, the United States, Greenland, and the Trans-Himalayan region. Specific chapters address several themes: historical perspectives and the evolution of wolf-human relationships; the status, biology, and management of wolves; restoration, reintroduction, and control programs; wolf-prey dynamics and implications of conservation practices; behavior and social interactions; taxonomy; diseases and physiology; and, research and management techniques. Proceedings of the Second North American Symposium on Wolves, 1992. Papers by: L. Boitani; F.F. Gilbert; R.D. Hayes and J.R. Gunson; F.L. Miller; R.O. Stephenson, W.B. Ballard, C.A. Smith, and K. Richardson; U. Marquard-Peterson; R.P. Thiel and R.R. Ream; P. Schullery and L. Whittlesey; C.E. Kay; D. Dekker, W. Bradford, and J.R. Gunson; J.L. Fox and R.S. Chundawat; S.H. Fritts, D.R. Harms, J.A. Fontaine and M.D. Jimenez; D.K. Boyd, P.C. Pacquet, S. Donelon, R.R. Ream, D.H. Pletscher, and C.C. White; D.R. Parsons and J.E. Nicholopoulos; A.P. Wydeven, R.N. Schultz, and R.P. Thiel; M.K. Phillips, R. Smith, V.G. Henry, and C. Lucash; R.P. Thiel and T. Valen; D.R. Seip; F. Messier; M.S. Boyce; D.J. Vales and J.M. Peek; B.W. Dale, L.G. Adams, and R.T. Bowyer; L.D. Mech, T.J. Meier, J.W. Burch, and L.G. Adams; L.G. Adams, B.W. Dale, and L.D. Mech; D.C. Thomas; D.R. Klein; C.S. Asa; C.S. Asa and L.D. Mech; T.J. Meier, J.W. Burch, L.D. Mech, and L.G. Adams; G.J. Forbes and J.B. Theberge; R.O. Peterson; T.K. Fuller; S.G. Fancy and W.B. Ballard; C. Vila, V. Urios, and J. Castroviejo; R.E. Anderson, B.L.C. Hill, J. Ryon, and J.C. Fentress; W.G. Brewster and S.H. Fritts; R.M. Nowak; R.K. Wayne, N. Lehman, and T.K. Fuller; R.M. Nowak, M.K. Phillips, V.G. Henry, W.C. Hunter, and R. Smith; C.J. Brand, M.J. Pybus, W.B. Ballard, and R.O. Peterson; M.R. Johnson, T.N. Bailey, E.E. Bangs, and R.O. Peterson; M.D. Drag, W.B. Ballard, G.M. Matson, and P.R. Krausman. W.B. Ballard, D.J. Reed, S.G. Fancy, and P.R. Krausman; W.B. Ballard, M.E. McNay, C.L. Gardner, and D.J. Reed; D.A. Haggstrom, A.k. Ruggles, C.M. Harms, and R.O. Stephenson; H.D. Cluff and D.L. Murray; R.D. Boertje, D.G. Kelleyhouse, and R.D. Hayes; R. Reid and D. Janz; R. Coppinger and L. Coppinger; P.L. Clarkson; L.D. Mech; Epilogue by M. Hummel

Describes the literature on critical/emancipatory and interpretive models for community empowerment, emphasizing information published since 1988, including case studies especially relevant to economic empowerment. Other annotations describe materials dealing with the role of the economy in community empowerment, self-sufficiency, and development. Economic development studies that enhance culture-specific values, traditions, and productive relationships are given special attention.

Presentations and discussions from a workshop focusing on issues pertaining to the use of science in EIA, including past and present problems and recommendations for improvements, in response to changes since the early 1990s in the Canadian EIA process.