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"This study examines the impact of Rome and its vibrant culture upon Milton in the course of two two-monthly sojourns in the city in 1638-1639. Focusing on his neo-Latin writings pertaining to that period ("Ad Salsillum," the three Latin epigrams in praise of the soprano Leonora Baroni, and Epistola Familiaris 9, addressed to Lucas Holstenius), it presents new evidence of the academic, literary, and musical contexts surrounding Milton's pro-active integration into seicento Rome. Highlighting Milton's self-fashioning as one who was hospitably embraced by Catholic Rome, it traces his networking with distinguished Italian humanists (upon whom he left no slight an impression)"--

"John Laurance, The Immigrant Founding Father America Never Knew is a New York story whose compass points lay long buried in the bowels of local archival institutions"--

"This book explores the work of Rudolf Strothmann, a German professor of Arabic and Islamic studies and his correspondence with similar scholars"--

These essays offer a sampling of the incredible wealth of knowledge and expertise of David E. Pingree (1933-2005), Brown Univ. Professor of the History of Math. and Classics. His contributions to the history of science are immeasurable. Pingree defined science as "a systematic explanation of perceived or imaginary phenomena": "This broad view of science includes astronomy, mathematics, and other sciences with which we are familiar today as well as those subjects deemed nonscientific by today's standards, such as astrology and magic . . . ."[Pingree] repeatedly demonstrated that not only were each of these subjects worthy of study in their own right, but that in the Ancient and Medieval periods these fields were closely interconnected. Illus.

In a letter to his wife, Abigail, John Adams judged the author of Common Sense as having "a better hand at pulling down than building." Adams's dismissive remark has helped shape the prevailing view of Tom Paine ever since. But, as Edward G. Gray shows in this fresh, illuminating work, Paine was a builder. He had a clear vision of success for his adopted country. It was embodied in an architectural project that he spent a decade planning: an iron bridge to span the Schuylkill River at Philadelphia.When Paine arrived in Philadelphia from England in 1774, the city was thriving as America's largest port. But the seasonal dangers of the rivers dividing the region were becoming an obstacle to the city's continued growth. Philadelphia needed a practical connection between the rich grain of Pennsylvania's backcountry farms and its port on the Delaware. The iron bridge was Paine's solution.The bridge was part of Paine's answer to the central political challenge of the new nation: how to sustain a republic as large and as geographically fragmented as the United States. The iron construction was Paine's brilliant response to the age-old challenge of bridge technology: how to build a structure strong enough to withstand the constant battering of water, ice, and wind.The convergence of political and technological design in Paine's plan was Enlightenment genius. And Paine drew other giants of the period as patrons: Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and for a time his great ideological opponent, Edmund Burke. Paine's dream ultimately was a casualty of the vicious political crosscurrents of revolution and the American penchant for bridges of cheap, plentiful wood. But his innovative iron design became the model for bridge construction in Britain as it led the world into the industrial revolution.

James Logan (1674-1751) of Philadelphia was a luminary with few equals in British America in the first half of the 18th century. He amassed the largest scholar's library in the colonies, wrote and published on botanical science and optics, was an accomplished mathematician and astronomer, and a master of languages ancient and modern. As the representative of the Penn family in the colony, he was enmeshed in Pennsylvania politics, holding several major positions, including Chief Justice. In 1734 Logan turned his creative drive to moral philosophy, He compiled six or seven chapters, but in the end could not finish his treatise, and they survived only in a manuscript which was found about 1969. This analysis gives Logan's effort new life.

John Beale Bordley (1727-1804) first had "Necessaries" printed in 1776 as a 17-page pamphlet. In 1799, he revised his work and reprinted it as a chapter in "Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural Affairs." "Necessaries" published a 3rd time in 1801, when "Essays and Notes" saw a corrected and expanded edition. With its history spanning Colonial, Revolutionary, and early national America, Bordley's work provides an advantageous window from which to view some of early America's central debates as they played out on the ground. Uncovering its historical contexts enriches our understanding of it as well as of its author and his enlightened, revolutionary, and increasingly Republican times. Illus.

Drawing on original manuscript sources, Maxey has produced a persuasive study of a late-18th-century portrait and its subject. He has focused attention on an enigmatic painting, and the person portrayed in it -- a woman of talent and verve, whose life has remained undeservedly obscure. Elizabeth Willing Powel presided over a salon; spoke her mind freely; and maintained, for a period of 40 years, an extensive, illuminating correspondence. She was the trusted confidante of the country's first president, whom she did not hesitate to instruct on where duty summoned him. At a critical moment, the Philadelphia painter, Matthew Pratt, was commissioned to capture on canvas the grief she experienced. Color portrait.

Yokes, hachas and palmas (YH&P) are 3 extraordinary pre-Columbian art forms that occur in a specific region of Mexico and Central Amer. and have no counterparts anywhere else. Although research proves that the names by which they are known have no bearing on their function, these misnomers have persisted. The practice of carving YH&P originated in the state of Veracruz in Mexico where they have been fairly well documented and considered exclusive paraphernalia of the ceremonial pre-Columbian ballgames. This vol. focuses on the YH&P that are from outside of Veracruz, in the peripheral Maya area of Southern Mesoamerica (Chiapas, Tabasco, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador). Reprint of Hardcover edition. Hundreds of b&w illus.

The first comprehensive biography of Philadelphia's Henry C. Lea (1825-1909): historian, publisher, political activist, and reformerWriting in 1868, the Philadelphia publisher-cum-historian Henry Charles Lea informed a friend, "I am trying to collect the materials for a history of the Inquisition." The collecting of these materials-books, manuscripts, and copies of thousands of pages of documents housed in musty European archives and libraries-would occupy Lea (1825-1909) for the remainder of his life. It also led to publication of A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (1884-87) and his acknowledged masterpiece, A History of the Inquisition of Spain (1906-7). Regarded as classics, these path-breaking books inaugurated better understanding of the history of an institution whose aims and methods troubled Lea and remain subjects of heated debate.The first biography of Lea since 1931, The Inquisition's Inquisitor offers the most comprehensive review to date of his writing on the history of the Catholic Church. Though Lea is generally regarded as a leading practitioner of "scientific" history, Richard L. Kagan examines the extent to which Lea's religious convictions compromised the ostensibly objective character of his work. Lea's extensive surviving correspondence also enables Kagan to examine other aspects of Lea's long and productive career as one of Philadelphia's most prominent citizens. Lea appears here a young literary critic; a businessman who skillfully transformed his family's publishing firm into the country's leading producer of medical books; a dogged political reformer; and a philanthropist whose largesse benefitted many of Philadelphia's cultural institutions. Newly discovered sources also allow for insights into Lea's private life, notably his controversial infatuation with his first cousin and future wife, Anna C. Jaudon, and the periodic breakdowns that required abandonment of his beloved "intellectual pursuits."The Inquisition's Inquisitor concludes with a survey of Lea's legacy with respect to current understanding of the Inquisition and to Philadelphia, where reminders of his accomplishments include an eponymous library at the University of Pennsylvania and public elementary school in nearby West Philadelphia.

The first comprehensive study of self-purchase in the United States from the American Revolution to the Civil WarEnslaved people lived in a world in which everything had a price. Even freedom. Freedom's Currency follows enslaved people's efforts to buy themselves out of slavery across the United States from the American Revolution to the Civil War. In the first comprehensive study of self-purchase in the nation, Julia Wallace Bernier reveals how enslaved people raised money, fostered connections, and made use of slavery's systems of value and exchange to wrest control of their lives from those who owned them. She chronicles the stories of famous fugitives like Frederick Douglass, who, with the help of friends and supporters, purchased his freedom to protect himself against the continued legal claims of his enslavers and the possibility of recapture. She also shows how enslaved fathers like Lunsford Lane and mothers like Elizabeth Keckley tried to secure lives for their families outside of slavery.Freedom's Currency argues that freedom played a central role in the social and economic lives of the enslaved and in the ways that these aspects of their lives overlapped. This intimate portrait of community illuminates the complexity of enslaved people's ideas about their place at the intersection of slavery and American capitalism and their attempts to value freedom above all. Given the stakes-liberation or remaining enslaved-it is an account of both triumph and devastating failure.

The Lewis & Clark Expedition of 1804-06 was the greatest act of exploration in the history of the U.S. This historic enterprise explored the Western U.S. along a route beginning near St. Louis & traveled up the Missouri River, over the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River & had several return routes. Pres. Thomas Jefferson planned the enterprise, assisted by members of the nation's first & most distinguished learned society, The Amer. Philosophical Soc. (APS). This set, issued by the APS, includes 3 facsimile vol. from the Expedition. Codices: Codex A -- Clark, Jrnl, 5/13/04-8/14/04; Codex E -- Lewis, Jrnl. 5/24/05-7/16/05; & Codex J -- Lewis, Jrnl., 1/1/06-3/20/06. Includes a 30-page introduction. Unique!

In this comprehensive catalogue of the work of the 15th-century painter and draftsman, Stefano da Verona (1375-ca. 1438), Karet reviews past scholarship and corrects old misunderstandings that produced an inconsistent, heterogeneous and misinformed corpus. Her attributions are based on stylistic arguments, technical analysis, and the relationship of the drawings to a limited number of secure paintings by this important Late Gothic North Italian painter. The restricted but sound body of works Stefano da Verona executed is compiled in rich catalogue entries that include discussions of style, iconography, patronage, paper and sketchbook analysis, important issues of workshop production and of the history of drawings and collectionism.

Two gifted 18th-century Londoners, Lord Charles Cavendish and his preeminent son, the Honorable Henry Cavendish, were descendants of paired revolutions, one political and the other scientific. Scions of a powerful revolutionary family, they gave a highly original turn to their understanding of public service. Lord Charles began his career as a Member of Parliament and ended it as an officer of the Royal Society, and his son Henry made a complete life within science, in the course of which he demonstrated skills that rank him with the greatest scientists of all time. In the history of British aristocracy, in high tide following the revolutionary settlement, there was no action more remarkable than Henry Cavendish gently laying delicate weights in the pan of his incomparable precision balance. Illustrations.

Illuminates the competing understandings of poison and power in the Atlantic worldBy the time of the opening of the Atlantic world in the fifteenth century, Europeans and Atlantic Africans had developed significantly different cultural idioms for and understandings of poison. Europeans considered poison a gendered "weapon of the weak" while Africans viewed it as an abuse by the powerful. Though distinct, both idioms centered on fraught power relationships. When translated to the slave societies of the Americas, these understandings sometimes clashed in conflicting interpretations of alleged poisoning events.In Poisoned Relations, Chelsea Berry illuminates the competing understandings of poison and power in the Atlantic World. Poison was connected to central concerns of life: to the well-being in this world for oneself and one's relatives; to the morality and use of power; and to the fraught relationships that bound people together. The social and relational nature of ideas about poison meant that the power struggles that emerged in poison cases, while unfolding in the extreme context of slavery, were not solely between enslavers and the enslaved-they also involved social conflict within enslaved communities.Poisoned Relations examines more than five hundred investigations and trials in four colonial contexts-British Virginia, French Martinique, Portuguese Bahia, and the Dutch Guianas-bringing a groundbreaking application of historical linguistics to bear on the study of the African diaspora in the Americas. Illuminating competing understandings of poison and power in this way, Berry opens new avenues of evidence through which to navigate the violence of colonial archival silences.

Explores the information and communication practices of the Portuguese empire in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century IndiaEmpire of Contingency explores the information and communication practices of the Portuguese empire in late sixteenth- and seventeenth-century India-a period during which Portuguese imperial ambitions were struggling for survival, while the Mughal empire was at the height of its power and influence. Jorge Flores uncovers the tenuous but ingenious apparatuses of intelligence through which the Estado da Índia (the "State of the Indies," the name given to the Portuguese political administrative unit in the region between the Cape of Good Hope and East Asia) endeavored to survive in a vast Indo-Persian world shaped by the influence and power of the Mughal empire.Detailing the complex relations that the officials of the Portuguese empire, particularly in Goa, the capital of the Estado da Índia, maintained with the Mughal empire as well as the sultanates of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur in the Deccan region-through information gathering, record-keeping, interpreting, and diplomatic correspondence-the book demonstrates how the Portuguese territories along the western coast of India were substantially incorporated into the vast Persianate cultural sphere spanning from Iran to Southeast Asia. The process of empire-building on the fringes of the Persianate world and the prolonged interaction with the Mughal empire, Ahmadnagar, and Bijapur, Flores argues, led to the irregular, non-linear, and incomplete assimilation of the Portuguese empire into Persianate India.Overturning teleological narratives that portray the workings of (European) empire as the unilateral imposition of power dynamics by a dominant, omniscient actor, Flores reveals how Portuguese imperial administrators were vulnerable participants in a network of relations involving multiple political powers-relations that required enormous bureaucratic and diplomatic effort to understand and successfully navigate. Showing how a European empire was drawn into the political practices and rituals of the Indo-Persian world, Flores decenters the lenses conventionally used to observe the Portuguese empire in Asia and helps us rethink its nature while questioning the boundaries of the Indo-Persian world.

An in-depth analysis of literary and cultural productions from Haiti and the Dominican Republic and their diasporasSpirals in the Caribbean responds to key questions elicited by the human rights crisis accelerated in 2013 by the Dominican Constitutional Court's Ruling 168-13, which denationalized hundreds of thousands of Dominicans of Haitian descent. Spirals details how a paradigm of permanent conflict between the two nations has its roots in reactions to the Haitian Revolution-a conflict between slavers and freedom-seekers-contests over which have been transmitted over generations, repeating with a difference. Anti-Haitian nationalist rhetoric hides this long trajectory. Through the framework of the Spiral, a concept at the core of a Haitian literary aesthetic developed in the 1960s called Spiralism, Sophie Maríñez explores representations of colonial, imperial, and national-era violence. She takes as evidence legislation, private and official letters, oral traditions, collective memories, Afro-indigenous spiritual and musical practices, and works of fiction, plays, and poetry produced across the island and its diasporas from 1791 to 2002.With its emphases on folk tales, responses to the 1937 genocide, the Constitution of the Dominican Republic, Afro-indigenous collective memories, and lesser-known literary works on the genocide of indigenous populations in the Caribbean, Spirals in the Caribbean will attract students, scholars, and general readers alike.

A corrective to conventional accounts of the reign of Queen Sancha and King Fernando I in medieval IberiaAcclaimed historians Bernard F. Reilly and Simon R. Doubleday tell the story of the reign of Queen Sancha and King Fernando I, who together ruled the territories of León and Galicia between 1038 and 1065-often regarded as a period in which Christian kings and their vassals asserted themselves more successfully in the face of external rivals, both Viking and Muslim. The reality was more complex. The Iberian Peninsula remained a space of multiple, intertwined forms of power and surprisingly nuanced relationships between-and among-the diverse configurations of Christian and Muslim authority. Some of these complexities would be obscured by later generations of medieval chroniclers, whose narratives focused on the singular authority of the king and expressed a more binary view of interreligious relations.Through their account of the key events and turning points of Sancha and Fernando's reign, Reilly and Doubleday propose a revised understanding of its political culture, offering a corrective to accounts that have emphasized a stark opposition between Christian and Muslim powers, a supposedly steady growth and centralization of royal government, and the individual figure of the monarch.Exploring the interplay of crown and elites, underscoring the role of royal women, and rejecting the Reconquista paradigm, León and Galicia Under Queen Sancha and King Fernando I reenvisions medieval Iberia at a pivotal stage in European history.

Expert analysis of American governance challenges and recommendations for reformTwo big ideas serve as the catalyst for the essays collected in this book. The first is the state of governance in the United States, which Americans variously perceive as broken, frustrating, and unresponsive. Editor James Perry observes in his Introduction that this perception is rooted in three simultaneous developments: government's failure to perform basic tasks that once were taken for granted, an accelerating pace of change that quickly makes past standards of performance antiquated, and a dearth of intellectual capital that generate the capacity to bridge the gulf between expectations and performance. The second idea hearkens back to the Progressive era, when Americans revealed themselves to be committed to better administration of their government at all levels—federal, state, and local.These two ideas—the diminishing capacity for effective governance and Americans' expectations for reform—are veering in opposite directions. Contributors to Public Service and Good Governance for the Twenty-First Century explore these central ideas by addressing such questions as: what is the state of government today? Can future disruptions of governance and public service be anticipated? What forms of government will emerge from the past and what institutions and structures will be needed to meet future challenges? And lastly, and perhaps most importantly, what knowledge, skills, and abilities will need to be fostered for tomorrow's civil servants to lead and execute effectively?Public Service and Good Governance for the Twenty-First Century offers recommendations for bending the trajectories of governance capacity and reform expectations toward convergence, including reversing the trend of administrative disinvestment, developing talent for public leadership through higher education, creating a federal civil service to meet future needs, and rebuilding bipartisanship so that the sweeping changes needed to restore good government become possible.Contributors: Sheila Bair, William W. Bradley, John J. DiIulio, Jr., Angela Evans, Francis Fukuyama, Donald F. Kettl, Ramayya Krishnan, Paul C. Light, Shelley Metzenbaum, Norman J. Ornstein, James L. Perry, Norma M. Riccucci, Paul R. Verkuil, Paul A. Volcker.

This book is a volume in the Penn Press Anniversary Collection. To mark its 125th anniversary in 2015, the University of Pennsylvania Press rereleased more than 1,100 titles from Penn Press's distinguished backlist from 1899-1999 that had fallen out of print. Spanning an entire century, the Anniversary Collection offers peer-reviewed scholarship in a wide range of subject areas.

An account of the development of the Indo-European vowel system in its latest stages.

The fourth report of the Temple-Penn Philadelphia Economic Monitoring Project, continues the work of the Wharton Philadelphia Economic Monitoring Project, which began in 1984. This volume examines the manufacturing and service industries that have experienced employment growth in the region. Through detailed analysis of changes in the quantity, quality, and location of employment for specific industries in manufacturing, in producer services, in health care services, and in research and development activities, the authors explain why industries grew and asses their potential for further expansion.

Over the course of the long eighteenth century, a network of some fifty women writers, working in French, English, Dutch, and German, staked out a lasting position in the European literary field. These writers were multilingual and lived for many years outside of their countries of origin, translated and borrowed from each others' works, attended literary circles and salons, and fashioned a transnational women's literature characterized by highly recognizable codes. Drawing on a literary geography of national types, women writers across Western Europe read, translated, wrote, and rewrote stories about exceptional young women, literary heroines who transcend the gendered destiny of their distinctive cultural and national contexts. These transcultural heroines struggle against the cultural constraints determining the sexualized fates of local girls.In Heroines and Local Girls, Pamela L. Cheek explores the rise of women's writing as a distinct, transnational category in Britain and Europe between 1650 and 1810. Starting with an account of a remarkable tea party that brought together Frances Burney, Sophie von La Roche, and Marie Elisabeth de La Fite in conversation about Stéphanie de Genlis, she excavates a complex community of European and British women authors. In chapters that incorporate history, network theory, and feminist literary history, she examines the century-and-a-half literary lineage connecting Madame de Maintenon to Mary Wollstonecraft, including Charlotte Lennox and Françoise de Graffigny and their radical responses to sexual violence. Neither simply a reaction to, nor collusion with, patriarchal and national literary forms but, rather, both, women's writing offered an invitation to group membership through a literary project of self-transformation. In so doing, argues Cheek, women's writing was the first modern literary category to capitalize transnationally on the virtue of identity, anticipating the global literary marketplace's segmentation of affinity-based reading publics, and continuing to define women's writing to this day.

"This book analyzes and theorize the presence and role of songs in Marcel Proust's novel AáI p0 s la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time). While Proust and music is a well-established area, much of this work has tended to focus on large-scale forms such as symphonies and opera, on instrumental music, and on imaginary music presented in the novel. In Proust's Songbook, Jennifer Rushworth argues for the centrality of songs and lyrics in Proust's opus, analyzing the ways in which the author inserted songs at key turning points in his novel and how he drew inspiration from contemporary composers and theorists of song. Through close readings of five moments of song in AáI p0 s la recherche du temps perdu, Rushworth both highlights the songs in Proust's novel through attention to their lyrics, music, composers, and histories. She also interprets these episodes through theoretical reflections on the voice and on songs that draw particularly from the work of Reynaldo Hahn and Roland Barthes. Rushworth argues that songs in Proust's novel are connected and resonate with one another across the different volumes; that song for Proust is a solo, amateur, intimate affair; and that there is a blurred boundary between popular and art song through Proust's juxtapositions of songs and meditation on the notion of "mauvaise musique" (bad music). Song, for Proust, has a special relation to repetition and memory thanks to its typical brevity, and that song itself becomes a mode of resistance in la Recherche, on the part of characters to family and familial expectations, and, in formal terms, to the forward impetus of narrative. Rushworth also defines the songs in Proust's novel as songs of farewell, noting that to sing farewell is also a means to resist the very parting that is being expressed"--

"In Coterie Poetics and the Beginnings of the English Literary Tradition, R. D. Perry reveals how poetic coteries formed and maintained the English literary tradition. Perry shows that, from Geoffrey Chaucer to Edmund Spenser, the poets who bridged the medieval and early modern periods created a profusion of coterie forms as they sought to navigate their relationships with their contemporaries and to the vernacular literary traditions that preceded them. Rather than defining coteries solely as historical communities of individuals sharing work, Perry reframes them as products of authors signaling associations with one another across time and space, in life and on the page. By forming coteries based on shared appreciation of a literary tradition, Perry demonstrates, these authors redefine what should be valued in that tradition, shaping it accordingly. Coterie Poetics explores how the English literary tradition was created through coteries and how it could be created otherwise"--