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Education is a powerful factor in determining the shape of a modern society. Recognition of its importance for the wealth and power of a society has risen dramatically in recent years. As a result, the 'demand' for education has increased; and education has assumed a prominent place among contemporary public issues. This change in the relationship between 'education' and 'politics' has, in turn, tended to disrupt the operation of established institutions and procedures for making educational policy and caused a search for new organizational forms. Educational policy-making in England and Wales in the 1940s and early 1950s was characterized by a closed partnership of the Ministry of Education, the local education authorities, and the teachers' unions. The circumstances which made their relationship easy and viable changed as the demand for education increased during the later 1950s and early 1960s, and the institutions and procedures which typified the earlier period -- the National Advisory Council for the Training and Supply of Teachers, the Secondary Schools Examinations Council, the Burnham Main Committee -- were put under pressure to change as well.Teachers and Politics describes the main institutions and procedures for making national education policy in England and Wales since 1944 and attempts to assess the effect that post-war changes in the demand for education have had on them. The analysis is given special focus by its emphasis on the ability of teachers' unions, especially the National Union of Teachers, to influence the making of educational policy.

In 1966 Poland will celebrate the thousandth anniversary of her acceptance of Christianity, the first major event to bring Poland on to the modern European scene from the shade of prehistory. Looking back over the past millennium, Poles are now analysing their history, reassessing their cultural achievements, and looking for directives for the future. When the civilized world was out-growing the boundaries for Europe, Poland was in bondage. It is time that after 1,000 years of its existence knowledge of Polish culture should not be confined to one part of Europe but should extend over much more of the globe. The Millennium of Christian Poland Celebration Committee in Canada, sponsors of this volume, is aiming to make Polish cultural achievements and information about Poland available to the Canadian people. As the first of its publications the Committee presents an English translation of Pan Tadeusz, a land-mark in Polish literature. Pan Tadeusz or The Last Foray in Lithuania is the greatest epic poem of Poland's greatest poet, Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855). It was written in exile and published in Paris in 1833, during the author's long absence from his native country because of his patriotic sympathies. The scene of the poem is Lithuania on the eve of Napoleon's expedition into Russia in 1812 and its subject is a family feud among the country gentry; Mickiewicz gives vivid pictures of the life of the old Polish nobility and gentry, their manners and past times, their patriotic enthusiasms and his descriptions of the Lithuanian landscape especially have kept his poem in the hearts of generations of readers. The poem ends in the spirit of hope caused in the heart of every Pole by the French onslaught on Russia. The original poem is in rhymed Alexandrine couplets, and the translation in the English heroic couplet; this is the first translation in rhymed English verse to be published. Watson Kirckconnell's gifts as translator and poet are well known, and this publication is a splendid opportunity to become acquainted with one of the world's great epics. Dr. William J. Rose provides a helpful historical introduction.

In 1804 an Ojibwa named Ogetonicut was facing trial in Upper Canada for the murder of a white settler. The prisoner was being transported from Toronto to Newcastle, the site of the trial, aboard the Speedy. Also on board to participate in the trial were some of the most important figures in the justice system of Upper Canada. The trial never took place: the Speedy vanished in a storm on Lake Ontario, taking with her the accused, his jailer, the judge, the lawyers, and all other passengers. Brendan O'Brien recreates the wreck of the Speedy in this exciting account. In the process he examines several related issues, including the administration of justice for native people in Upper Canada, the reasons for the disappearance of the vessel, and the role of the governor in the tragedy.

As Premier of Ontario from 1923 to 1930, G. Howard Ferguson was the most successful, the most colourful, and perhaps the ablest of Canadian politicians of his time. Largely as a result of his leadership, the Ontario Tories emerged from the debacle of their 1919 defeat to eliminate virtually all political opposition -- and launch the Conservative dynasty in Ontario. Peter Oliver's study of Ferguson's life and times provides both a revealing picture of a political professional of driving ambition and rare talent and a commentary on a largely rural society dealing with the challengers of industrialization and urbanization.Ferguson embodied the values and aspirations of Old Ontario. Although he placed himself in the vanguard of what the men of the day regarded as progress, he also loved what was familiar and stable in the community around him. His life offers an intimate view of Orange, imperialist, and Tory Ontario at its height, yet already challenged by the freedoms and complexities of a newer day. The Ontario past was not entirely eclipsed in the confrontation, however, and Ferguson helped to carry some of the strengths of the past, and some of the weaknesses as well, into the future. His life demonstrates the remarkable resilience and skill of a politician who responded to events he was able to understand only partially yet who survived and finally triumphed.

E.J. Pratt (1882-1964) is one of Canada's best-known poets. This volume collects, for the first time, his own comments on his life and work. Pratt's good humour, his sincerity, and his extraordinary capacity for friendship emerge in these pages.

The textbook has long been the most popular instrument of instruction in the hands of educators. Its wide-spread use has at the same time provided one of the most controversial issues in education, for it has been regarded both as the cause of educational problems, and as their solution.The purpose of this book is to investigate the changing policies which have affected the authorization of textbooks for elementary schools. Since Ontario sets precedents for the other provinces, it deals with tests in Ontario, from 1846 when the practice of authorization began, to 1950, when the system of authorizing a single text for each subject was terminated. It is concerned chiefly with the policies of the Ontario Department of Education which directed and controlled the selection, preparation, and authorization of textbooks. Between 1846 and 1950 texts for the elementary schools of the province were regulated by legislation which changed remarkably little. The purpose of this legislation was to provide for a supply of books at reasonable cost, to ensure uniformity in classroom instruction, and to counteract the influence of American textbook material. In 1945 a Royal Commission to study the educational system of Ontario was appointed; part of its task was to inquire into and report on the provincial educational system, including courses of study and textbooks. In 1950 the Commission produced its report; its recommendations, with a few modifications, became a part of the policy of the Department of Education by September that year. Authorization of single textbooks was discontinued and the policy of approved lists was adopted to the end of the tenth grade.Miss Parvin here examines the textbook regulations in force at various times during the period from 1846 to 1950, and discusses the characteristics of several series of texts that have been used in the schools of the province. An extensive bibliography of Ontario school books is included. Her book will be valuable to everyone who is concerned with education, and with the history of education.

The Fifth International Congress on Mental Health took place at the University of Toronto, Canada, August 14-21, 1954 under the auspices of the World Federation for Mental Health. It was attended by citizens and scientists from the six continents and from fifty-five countries; the total registration was 1,950. These delegates came from all the major constructive institutions and activities in present-day society, and from all scientific disciplines devoted to the study of man and his affairs.

This volume presents a record of visits to France by British entertainers and reports their reception by the critics, the artists, and the public. Speculation as to influence is indulged in only where influence seems to have been apparent and indisputable.

This volume attempts to deal in a systematic manner with the range and limits of scientific method, utilizing numerous findings in the logic and methodology of science. Professor Mehlberg's main conclusion is the universality of scientific problem-solving methods, i.e., that if any cognitive problems is meaningful and solvable, then its solution can in principle be found by applying scientific method. This conclusion is reached through a detailed analysis of the main fact-finding and law-finding scientific methods, as well as of the more intricate methods of forming scientific theory. While it implies the universal applicability of scientific method, this book involves neither a positivistic monopoly of science nor a ban on those traditional philosophical investigations of a meta-physical, epistemological and ethnical nature which have so far resisted a scientific approach. Professor Mehlberg is concerned with the scope of her knowledge which science can provide rather than with the social value and impact of such knowledge. However, the meaning of science to society depends upon the scope of scientific knowledge, and the book should, therefore, be of interest not only to philosophers and scientists engaged in foundational research, but to many who are concerned with the social and ideological repercussions of scientific findings.

Food banks, welfare cheques, and shelters for the homeless are the modern face of a timeless problem. Rosalind Michison explores the historical context of poverty and relief in a study that covers four centuries of European history. During the sixteenth century, authorities (both lay and ecclesiastical) and individuals alike showed a marked concern over the state of the poor in Western Europe. Mitchison analyses the nature of this concern and its possible causes. She then examines relief system as set up in various countries, comparing the approach of Catholic and Protestant states, and assessing what they had achieved by the mid-eighteenth century. Among the issues she discusses are the problems of funding and different possible bases for this, the issue of church or state control of poor relief, and the role of military developments in changing attitudes towards poverty and destitution. The last section of the book concentrates on developments within Britain and Ireland and examines the influence of social theories on the quality of provision. The chapters carry notes containing references to particular studies on various countries. These are supplemented by a further bibliography. In all, this is a thoughtful and timely overview of an important segment of European social history.

The aim of this study is to disentangle the theme of federalism from that of responsible government, and to suggest that the two questions of responsible government and assimilation may be considered as two parallel themes which merge only occasionally. The author believes that the primary objective of the Canadian union of 1841 was the assimilation of French Canada, and when it became evident that that was an unrealistic objective, the inherent dualism in the United Province of Canada led to the emergence of a federal concept. This important new interpretation of the background of the French Canadian question provides a fresh approach to the present situation in Quebec.(Canadian Studies in History and Government No. 14)

Schools have taught us to expect that people should live in separate national states. But the historical records shows that ethnic homogeneity was a barbarian trait; civilized societies mingled peoples of diverse backgrounds into ethnically plural and hierarchically ordered polities. The exception was northwestern Europe. There, peculiar circumstances permitted the preservation of a fair simulacrum of national unity while a complex civilization developed. The ideal of national unity was enthusiastically propagated by historians and teachers even in parts of Europe where mingled nationalities prevailed. Overseas, European empires and zones for settlement were always ethnically plural; but in northwestern Europe the tide has turned only since about 1920, and now diverse groups abound in Paris and London as well as in New York and Sydney. Age-old factors promoting the mingling of diverse populations have asserted this power, and continue to do so even when governments in the ex-colonial lands of Africa and Asia are trying hard to create new nations within what are sometimes quite arbitrary boundaries. In demonstrating how unusual and transitory the concept of national ethnic homogeneity has been in world history, William McNeill offers an understanding that may help human minds to adjust to the social reality around them.

Although Canada has made outstanding contributions to the theory and practice of life insurance and pensions, this book, originally published in 1964, remains unique as a text designed specifically for Canadian use. This revised and updated edition follows the format of the original, dealing with the fundamentals of life insurance from its first actuarial principles, with notes on historical origins, and special references to present Canadian conditions. An invaluable text for students, the book is also a fundamental reference for professionals in life insurance and organizations serving the fields of life insurance, annuities, and pensions.

This analysis of Georges Sorel's ideas on revolution and the original translations of some of his little-known writings on this theme offer a critical reassessment of Sorel's place in modern political thought. By turns conservative pessimist, social democrat, revolutionary syndicalist, and reactionary, Sorel is a perplexing figure. He has long been regarded as one of a generation of intellectuals who abandoned reason for violence, theoretical reflection for practical commitment. But according to Sorel -- as the title of his most notorious book makes clear -- the task of the theoretician is to reflect on violence. He maintained that reflection discloses the limited and deficient character of practical thought, but he also recognized that the springs of action escape the grasp of the reflective theorist. It was this distinctness of theory and practice that Soreal attempted to come to terms with in his thinking on revolution. If revolution is a violent action, it is also a process of structural change which the actors themselves do not comprehend. This theme enables the reader to grasp a significant degree of continuity among some of Sorel's bewilderingly diverse positions. Moreover, it accounts for much of his critique of Marxism and his sceptical reflects on Marxian notions of history, class, consciousness, and party. Placed in the context of modern revolutionary thinking, Sorel is an eccentric figure but not an irrelevant one, for his approach points to some of the difficulties in the idea of revolution that were largely overlooked by the 'New Left.'

In the intensity of current theoretical debates, critics and students of literature are sometimes in danger of losing sight of the most basic principles and presuppositions of their discipline, of the underlying connections between attitudes to truth and the study of literature. Aware of this danger, Mario Valdes has taken up the challenge of retracing the historical and philosophical background of his own approach to literature, the application of phenomenological philosophy to the interpretation of texts. Phenomenological hermeneutics, Valdes reminds us, participates in a long-standing tradition of textual commentary that originates in the Renaissance and achieves full force in the work of Giambattista Vico by the middle of the eighteenth century. Valdes characterizes this tradition as the embodiment of a relational rather than an absolutist epistemology: its practitioners do not seek fixed and exclusive meanings in texts but regard the literary work of art as an experience that is shared within a community of readers and commentators, and enriched by the historical continuity of that community. Valdes demonstrates the vigour of the tradition and community he has inherited in a brief survey of such relational commentators as Vico, Juan Luis Vives, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Unamuno, Croce, and Collingwood. He elaborates the contemporary contribution of phenomenological hermeneutics to the tradition, referring particularly to the work of Paul Ricoeur. In arguing for a living and evolving community of criticism, he contests both the historicist imposition of closure on texts and the radical scepticism of the deconstructionists. And in reading of works by Octavio Paz and Jorge Luis Borges, he offers a model for the continuing celebration of the living literary text.

Edward Thomson was a highly respected journalist and political commentator in Canada and the United States, and a leading short story writer, critic, and poet whose writing is now viewed as transitional between the nineteenth-century historical romances and the realistic trends of the twentieth century, and as the link in Canadian humorous writing between Thomas Chandler Haliburton and Stephen Leacock. Thomson's ability to write both serious and humorous prose is well demonstrated in Old Man Savarin Stores: Tales of Canada and Canadians, which was originally published in 1917. This collection includes twelve short stories that appeared in an earlier collection, Old Man Savarin and Other Stories (1895), a nostalgic poem, 'The Canadian Abroad,' and five other tales: 'Dour Davie's Drive,' 'Petherick's Peril,' 'The Swartz Diamond,' 'Boss of the World,' and 'Miss Minnely's Management.' The change in title underlines Thomson's growing awareness of the need to interpret Canadians and Americans to each other, especially at a time when Canadians feared and distrusted American institutions. Like William Henry Drummond, Thomson affectionately interprets and preserves the speech and character of certain local 'types' encountered earlier in his life -- the Glengarry Scot, the lumberman, the river-drive, the habitant of the Ottawa Valley: his characters are colourful individuals -- humorous, honest, and obstinate. Linked to the tradition of the raconteur, these tales are generally reminiscent and deal with war experiences, the United Empire Loyalists, and life in pioneer settlements.

The dramatic traditions and conventions available to Shakespeare at the time he wrote King Lear were so rich and varied as to constitute an extremely resonant and complex vocabulary, one that Shakespeare fully utilized to shape his audience's response and to create the unique world of this play. Professor Reibetanz argues that many of the qualities that set Lear apart from Shakespeare's other tragedies are those it shares with Jacobean drama rather than with earlier Elizabethan drama. The tightly enclosed world of the play, operating within an internal logic independent of the real world, reflects a structure, to cultivate sheer virtuosity of technique, however, Shakespeare used it to reinforce a profound, archetypal emotional experience, an effect more characteristic of Greek than of Jacobean tragedy. Shakespeare's use of popular Elizabethan conventions of character definition similarly conveys the elemental quality of a play-world detached from ordinary reality. Yet Shakespeare adopts the conventions not to catapult his characters into the abstract and theoretical world of earlier drama but to apply the power of that world to an essentially human experience. The play asserts, structurally and thematically, the dominance of feeling above form.The Lear World reflects the depth and eclecticism of Shakespeare's use of dramatic traditions, and deepens our understanding of a compelling and powerful tragedy.

Taylorism has been the dominant mode of organizing paid work since early in the twentieth century. Tom Rankin argues that industrial unionism is inextricably linked to Taylorism, and Taylorism is breaking down. In its place is developing a new paradigm of organization. If unions are to survive and prosper they will have to develop a form of unionism better suited to the new paradigm.Rankin uses a socio-technical systems framework to analyse the transition, arguing that it encompasses similar views put forward by other disciplines such as production management. Focusing on one case study as an example, he explores the possibilities for unions to sustain themselves while adapting to a new work pattern.Ranking concludes that adaptation requires a fundamental change in traditional union policies and practices, but that it is achievable. The result is a new, post-industrial form of unionism in which a strong and independent union and a new pattern of work organization can be mutually reinforcing.

In the golden age of Canadian diplomacy, during the government of Louis St Laurent and Lester Pearson, Escott Reid played a central role. In this memoir, he recalls some of the most dramatic events of the twentieth century and his own and Canada's role in them.Reid's' child was steeped in Anglican religiosity and Upper Canadian Britishness. But as a teenager at Oakwood Collegiate and later as a university student at Toronto and Oxford, he showed himself already committed to more Canadian independence from Britain, and to social policies that must have seemed distinctly anti-British to the Toronto establishment.Throughout his long and distinguished career, Reid continued to display his commitment to his country and its central role in international affairs. The outspoken youth became the outspoken diplomat. Reid served as national secretary of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, High commissioner to India in the early years of its independence, and ambassador to Germany during the construction of the Berlin wall. He participated in the creation of the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization, and the North Atlantic alliance, and was an officer of the World Bank in the boom years of the 1960s.Reid offers a wealth of insight into international activities throughout much of the twentieth century activities he helped to shape. This memoir reflects his view of history as progressing toward a greater sharing the world's wealth and a greater degree of international organization and cooperation.

The moralistic tendencies that culminated in the Republic of Virtue can be traced in literature back to the late seventeenth century. In the 1690s two separate and antithetical moralities began to take shape, one erotic and libertine, the other highly moralistic. Both represented a revolt against the formalism of the seventeenth century. The roman erotique was rooted in a hedonistic philosophy whose objective was to enlarge the scope of freedom, translated in sexual terms, while the moralistic literature, also influenced by philosophical hedonism, was sentimental, romantic, and defended the Christian idea of love and marriage. Roberts discards some of the common presuppositions of historical and literary criticism, for example, that the literature of sensibility was the reaction of the bourgeoisie against the degenerate aristocracy, and that the libertine literature was created by and accurately portrayed the aristocracy. Such explanations have never been supported by valid evidence. Roberts shows that the bourgeoisie, even when most critical of the aristocracy, was emulating the aristocratic way of life, and that the aristocracy, even at its most degenerate, was susceptible to the moral influences revealed in contemporary art. 'Once the dikes of traditional morality broke,' Roberts explains, 'two responses took place. First, authors reacted against the severity of the seventeenth century, which led to a literature of libertinism and eventually of pornography. Secondly, an attempt was made to retain the loftiness of seventeenth-century morality, but to place that morality on new foundations, the result being sentimentalism, and later, classicism.' And out of this dialectical process came a third, dualistic current of literature and art combining hedonism, and sometimes perversity and pornography, with a condemnation of the social order, a call for moral regeneration, and a utopian vision of the future. This is a highly original study of social morality in pre-Revolutionary French and of its reflection in literature and art.

Volume One of this work covered the social concern and statutory provision for the care and welfare of children in England from Tudor times to the end of the eighteenth century. This second volume covers the period from the last years of the eighteenth century up to the first half of the twentieth, a time in which problems caused by urbanization, industrialization, the rapid increase in population, and failure to provide adequately for the welfare of children led to a new awakening of the national conscience. The volume demonstrates how, in this momentous period, deep concern for the abuses suffered by industrially exploited, deprived, neglected and delinquent children brought about the demand for new legislation and some measure of community support for such children. The gradual recognition that failure to make adequate social provision for all the nation's young was both economically wasteful and morally wrong is shown to have led to more comprehensive policies for community responsibility in the twentieth century. The authors consider that the resulting network of social legislation has changed the parent-child relationship which had existed for centuries, and has given all children a new status based on their own legal rights.

The considerable social concern and statutory provision for the care and welfare of children is a remarkable feature of mid-twentieth century English society. It is not however a unique achievement of the present age -- children certainly loomed large in the paternalistic legislation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, and were regarded as an important part of the social structure and valuable assets of the commonwealth. The present volume represents the first half of a study of the social concern for children in England from the Tudor paternalism of the mid-sixteenth century to the legislation of the Welfare State in the mid-twentieth century. In it, the authors analyse various aspects of Tudor policy concerning children and discuss the ways in which later generations deliberately or unconsciously modified these policies. They show how, as a result of changed social attitudes, the failure to provide adequately for the welfare of children was again by the end of the eighteenth century becoming a matter of increasing concern among thinking people and prompted a renewal of local and voluntary efforts to solve what had become urgent national problems. The companion volume will deal with the attempts made by nineteenth-century reformers to remedy some of the problems caused by urbanisation and rapid increase in population, and also with twentieth-century social provision for the child. Together, these two volumes will be a significant addition to the literature of historical sociology in which social attitudes to childhood and to children so far been largely neglected.

This volume presents a unified and up-to-date account of the theory and methods of applying one of the most useful and widely applicable techniques of data analysis, 'dual scaling.' It addresses issues of interest to a wide variety of researchers concerned with data that are categorical in nature or by design: in the life sciences, the social sciences, and statistics.The eight chapters introduce the nature of categorical data and concept of dual scaling and present the applications of dual scaling to different forms of categorical data: the contingency table, the response-frequency table, the response-pattern table for multiple-choice data, ranking and paired comparison data, multidimensional tables, partially ordered and successively ordered categories, and incomplete data. The book also includes appendices outlining a minimum package of matrix calculus and a small FORTRAN program.Clear, concise, and comprehensive, Analysis of Categorical Data will be a useful textbook or handbook for students and researcher in a variety of fields.

Water is fundamental to human life, and the ways in which a society uses it can tell us a great deal about a people. The ancient Greeks and Romans had at their disposal several mechanical water-lifting devices. The water-screw, the force pump, the compartmented wheel, and the bucket-chain were developed by scientists associated with the great school at Alexandria. Application of these devices was sporadic in the Hellenistic world, but they, and the later saqiya gear, were used in a wide range of rural and urban settings in many parts of the Roman Empire.Professor Oleson has prepared a definitive study of mechanical water-lifting devices in the Greek and Roman world. He systematically and thoroughly examines the literary, papyrological, and archaeological evidence for the devices and considers the design, materials, settings, costs, effectiveness, and durability of the many adaptations of the small basic repertoire of models. The literary and papyrological materials range from Deuteronomy to papyri of the seventh century AD, and the archaeological sites discussed range from Babylon to Wales.An extensive collection of illustrations complements the literary, papyrological, and archaeological evidence for this remarkable ancient technology.

This is an analysis of English studies in higher education, addressed in particular to practitioners in the field - teachers and students. As Heather Murray states in her introduction, those who work in English are likely to have a stronger sense of critical history than of disciplinary history. She contends that, in order to understand and reform the discipline of English studies, it is necessary to shift the focus of examination 'down and back' - to look at ordinary and often taken-for-granted disciplinary practices (such as pedagogy), and to extend the historical frame. Murray begins with an examination of some important historical moments in the developments of the discipline in Canada: the appointment in 1889 of W.J. Alexander as first professor of English at the University of Toronto; the twenty-five-year experiment early in this century in rhetorical and dramatic education for women that the Margaret Eaton School of Literature and Expression represented; and the entry of 'theory' into the English-Canadian academy. The second section examines some of the common features and routines of English departments, such as curriculum design, seminar groups, tests and assignments, essay questions, and the conference, in order to establish the critical/political principles that underpin study and teaching in the academy today. In this section, Murray also focuses on the role of women as students and teachers of English. The final section surveys the literature available for further research on the discipline and for constructing a history of English studies in Canada.Theory/Culture

Local Councils are second only to the central government in the variety and size of their activities. Many of us live in their houses, our children are taught in their schools and technical colleges, we often ride on their buses over their roads and walk in their parks, we listen to concerts in their halls and read books from their libraries. The financial administration which these activities demand is as complex as the services are varied and vital. But Dr Marshall's book on this important subject is neither involved nor fragmentary. Deftly he explains the internal organization of local authorities, describes the responsibilities with which Councils generally charge their Finance Committees, and then analyses stage by stage the methods employed by Chief Financial Officers and the Chief Officers and staffs of all departments to implement the Councils' policies. Dr Marshall, City Treasurer of Coventry, past chairman of the Executive Council of the Royal Institute of Public Administration and past president of the Institute of Municipal Treasurers and Accountants, is well known in the world of Local Government finance. With this authoritative book he has earned the gratitude of all Local Government financial officers, their colleagues in other departments, and of students who seek a text book based on great practical experience. He has also produced a work which will be read with interest by those concerned with the similar functions and problems of financial administration in large scale private industry and the other branches of the public services.

This is an important contribution to the development of international environmental law, a field which as yet has no comprehensive codification but has been evolving through many treaties, state practice, regional arrangements, and doctrinal development by tribunals. The book combines a complete and lucid exposition of the current state of environmental law and organization with a cogent argument for the direction they must take in the immediate future. There are, Dr Schneider suggests, central normals which must evolve in the balance with one another: the principle of environmental integrity as an aspect of sovereignty or 'sovereign rights'; the principles of state environmental responsibility and liability within (and potentially beyond) the limits of national jurisdiction as an increasingly critical aspect of international law; and the right and duty of the state to take environmental measures in its capacity as 'custodian' for its own people and the world community. This persuasive and compelling study is of an issue of crucial importance, in international environmental law, or related subjects.

Professor Pater presents a revolutionary appraisal of the origins of law Protestantism in the Radical Reformation. Karlstady's creative contributions to the Reformation in Wittenberg are analysed, and the traditional picture of Karlstadt as an epigone of Luther, challenging his mentor purely out of spite, is discarded. Pater shows how Karlstadt clearly influenced Ulrich Zwingli's attitudes towards celibacy and radical liturgical reform, and uncovers historical links between Karlstadt and the Swiss Baptists, including the law theologians Felix Manz and Konrad Grebel. The author goes on to trade the influence of Karlstadt on Melchior Hoffman, who spread Baptist ideas in northern Europe. Finally Pater notes that it was via Menno Simons that Karlstadt and Hoffman had their greatest influence, for John Smyth, the founder of the Baptist movement in England, went to the Netherlands with his followers, where they applied for membership in a prominent Mennonite congregation, the Waterlander Baptist congregation in Amsterdam. Thus the impact of the Dutch Baptists [Mennonites] on the English Baptists is here established.

During the 1964 winter term distinguished scholars presented the Frank Gerstein Lectures for 1964, the third series of Invitation Lectures to be delivered at York University. The theme "e;Religion and the University"e; was selected, states President Murray Ross in his Introduction, because of a desire to raise some important and highly relevant questions concerning the place and nature of religion in the university. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, defending research in religious studies at the secular university, maintains that the university atmosphere helps contribute to excellence in theological and biblical scholarship, and in the education of the clergy, and that the housing of such studies in the university is valuable, too, in facilitating exchanges of methods and materials with other academic disciplines. He insists that any religious faith must be able to stand up to objective research. William G. Pollard believes that the scientific age has imprisoned the mind and spirit of man. He challenges the university to seek actively the recovery of the capacity, lost by modern man, to respond to and know a whole range of reality external to himself, which Western man, in earlier centuries, quite naturally possessed. Maurice N. Eisendrath urges that now, as in biblical times, there is a need for angry men -- with anger defined as "e;righteous wrath"e; -- to speak out against social injustices. He feels that the expression of this anger is the responsibility of the university as well as the church. Charles Moeller, discussing the importance of the humanistic approach in religion, maintains that there is no conflict between religious studies and the liberty of scientific research. He begins by stating contemporary criticisms of the Roman Catholic church, including the objections of the Marxists and the Existentialists, and of the modern man who thinks religion has nothing to offer as a solution to contemporary problems. He believes that such criticisms are the reverse side of a "e;process of purification"e; of both the Roman Catholic Church and religion in general. He goes on to show how the university is an ideal place for the critical study of contemporary irreligion. Finally, Alexander Wittenberg, in his discussion of the relationship between religion and the educational function of the university, states that while religion is the private concern of the individual, it has a legitimate role in extracurricular university life, where its function is an enrichment of the student's inner experience and vision of life, and a broadening and deepening of his capacity for empathy. To accomplish this he must be prepared to understand living with a religious faith, with a different faith, and without a faith, and it is the duty of the university to make possible this experience and this understanding.

Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911), a philosopher who has influenced twentieth-century intellectual history via such thinkers as Heidegger, Jaspers, Ortega y Gasset, and Max Scheler, is subjected to careful analysis in this book. What emerges is a reinterpretation of his theory of understanding (Verstehen) and historical knowledge. The concept of understanding for which Dilthey became famous was developed only after 1900, in the third and final phase of his career, but it was an approach to the problem or set of problems that had preoccupied him throughout his entire intellectual career. To delineate this doctrine and its place in Dilthey's thinking on history, the author discusses Dilthey's early views on history as a science, his efforts to divide the various sciences into two major types, and his attempt to develop a psychology that would serve as a foundation for the Geisteswissenschaften. The decisive shift in Dilthey's post-1900 thought came when he began to look beyond psychology to culture, to meaning-lade expressions of the human spirit. The understanding of these expressions in the other public world, he decided, was the basic cognitive operation on which the Geisteswissenschaften, including the historical sciences, could be built. Dilthey's analysis of understanding, the core of his later philosophy, draws on this hermeneutic tradition and advances it. His philosophical outlook also has important existential applications that have stimulated twentieth-century has important existential applications that have stimulated twentieth-century thought. The central problem for him was that of the relation between the individual and the whole of wholes with which his life is interwoven, and his solution was 'understanding,' an ability which enables the individual to transcend the confines of self and to seek communion with a more encompassing whole.