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The authors present the results of a longitudinal study of Polish teachers' opinions on selected assumptions and organizational solutions forming the basis of inclusive education before and after the arrival of many migrant students in connection with the war in Ukraine. The main aim of the research is to find out the opinions of Polish teachers working in mainstream schools and preschools on selected assumptions and organisational solutions underlying inclusive education and to examine these opinions in relation to selected demographic traits of teachers. An important aim is also to identify the opinions studied in a temporal perspective, which will make it possible to capture the changes in the acceptance of selected theoretical and organisational assumptions underlying inclusive education. The research was conducted on a group of Polish teachers, but the findings can be applied to other countries.

Die Anfänge der Judaica Sammlungen in Österreich gehen bis in die zweite Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zurück. Trotzdem wurden sie nur selten von einer breiten Öffentlichkeit wahrgenommen. Die Sammlungen in Österreich sind vielschichtig: Sie changieren zwischen Objekten jüdisch-religiöser Praxis und künstlerischen Erzeugnissen, zwischen jüdischer Eigenpräsentation und Fremdwahrnehmung. Als Eigenpräsentationen sind sie Ausdruck von Selbstbewusstsein und Selbstvergewisserung, als Fremdwahrnehmung Dokumentation einer von vielen Minoritäten. Ihre Schicksale nach 1938 beeinflussen die Rezeption der historischen Judaica Bestände und auch nach dem Holocaust aufgebaute Sammlungen lassen sich aus einem zeitgeschichtlichen Blickwinkel betrachten.

Die vorliegende Studie stellt einen Versuch dar, Diskurse und Gedächtnismodi herauszuarbeiten, die der neueren Diskussion zur Kolonisation zugrunde liegen. Die Studie beantwortet die Frage, wie Kolonialismus in zeitgenössischen Erzählungen zur Kolonialzeit erinnert wird, d.h. in welchen Begriffen Literatur Bezug auf den Kolonialismus nimmt und zu welchem Zweck. Aus dem komparatistischen Vergleich geht hervor, dass die meisten Narrative, ob afrikanische oder europäische, zwar einen postkolonialen Blick auf die koloniale Vergangenheit (ent)werfen, der diskursive Standpunkt der Erzählungen aber weitgehend von dem historisch-kulturellen Gefüge abhängt, aus dem die Texte und deren Autor:innen stammen, wobei einzelne Texte sich über dieses gedächtniskulturelle Paradigma hinwegsetzen.The study represents an attempt to work out the discourses and modes of remembrance that underlie the recent discussion on colonization. It deals with the question of how colonialism is remembered in contemporary narratives of the colonial era, i.e. in what terms literature refers to colonialism and for what purpose. The comparative analysis of selected african and european postcolonial narratives shows that while most of them design a postcolonial view of the colonial past, the discursive point of view of those narratives is largely dependent on the cultural-historical structure from which the texts emerged and that informed their authors, though single narratives, especially autobiographical texts by European contemporary witnesses, defy the postcolonial paradigm.

Da der österreichische Staat die Fürsorge von Holocaust-Überlebenden verweigerte, lag die Verantwortung bei der jüdischen Gemeinde selbst. Der Fokus des Werkes liegt auf der Stadt Wien im Zeitraum zwischen 1945 und 2012, einer Periode, die gekennzeichnet war von den sehr unterschiedlichen Bedürfnissen der Holocaust-Überlebenden, der Remigrierten und neu Zugewanderten. Beleuchtet werden Formen der klassischen Zedaka, der Armenfürsorge sowie der Wandel zur professionellen Sozialen Arbeit. Die jüdische Gemeinde verfügte zunächst nicht über adäquate Mittel, weshalb es erst spät zur Professionalisierung kam, die in der Gründung des psychosozialen Zentrums ESRA mündete. Die deskriptive Quellendarlegung belegt sowohl anhand von personenbezogenen archivalischen Akten als auch von medialen, dokumentarischen und mündlichen Materialien den Bedarf der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Wien an Fürsorge und Sozialer Arbeit.As the Austrian state refused to care for Holocaust survivors, the responsibility lay with the Jewish community itself. The focus of the Vienna-related work is on the time between 1945 and 2012, a period that was characterized by the very different needs of Holocaust survivors, remigrants and new immigrants. Forms of classical Zedaka, care for the poor and the transformation to professional social work throughout this period are examined. The descriptive depiction of sources illustrates the needs of the Jewish Community (IKG) Vienna for welfare and social work on the basis of personal archival files as well as media, documentary and oral materials.

Anhand von zehn ausgewählten niedersächsisch-welfischen Städten stellt Gaby Kuper die Beziehung zwischen der Entwicklung der Städte und der Organisation der Pfarreien im Mittelalter dar. Waren Stadtkirchen immer auch Pfarrkirchen? Und lassen sich die Grenzen der städtischen Pfarreien nachvollziehen? Welchen Einfluss hatten die welfischen Stadtherren auf diese Entwicklung? Untersucht werden Großstädte wie Braunschweig, von Burgen dominierte Städte wie Lüneburg, Göttingen, Hannover, Winsen/L. und Harburg oder von kirchlichen Einrichtungen geprägte Städte wie Uelzen, Gandersheim, Einbeck und Duderstadt. Stadtpläne und Karten ergänzen die Analysen.Based on ten selected Guelph towns, the relationship between the development of towns and parish organisation in the Middle Ages is presented. Urban churches, did they always be parish churches? And can the boundaries of the urban parishes be traced? What influence did the Guelph town lords have on this development? Major cities such as Brunswick, towns dominated by castles such as Lüneburg, Göttingen, Hanover, Winsen/L. and Harburg, or towns characterised by ecclesiastical institutions such as Uelzen, Gandersheim, Einbeck and Duderstadt are examined. Town plans and maps complete the analyses.

Nach der Niederlage bei Tannenberg (1410) und dem Ersten Thorner Frieden (1411) begann, folgt man der älteren Forschung, der Niedergang des Deutschen Ordens. Dabei war der Konflikt mit Polen-Litauen nicht entschieden und die Zeit zwischen 1411 und 1422 geprägt von Schiedsverfahren, Waffenstillständen und erneuten kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen. Wie die Ordensbrüder in dieser Zeit der fortwährenden Unsicherheit die eigenen Handlungsspielräume wahrnahmen, untersucht Mats Homann, indem er einen akteursbezogenen Ansatz entwickelt und anwendet. Auf diese Weise wird deutlich, wer oder was aus der Perspektive des Ordens dazu geeignet war, die eigenen Geschicke zum Besten zu wenden.From the perspective of the Teutonic Order, the period under study (1411-1422) can be understood as a period of searching for a solution to an unresolved situation - especially in the conflict with Poland-Lithuania. The brothers of the Order did not assume that they were in an unchangeably bad position or in decline. Rather, they perceived the question of the long-term development of the Order's Prussia as undecided. However, due to its close observation of the political environment, the Order had to notice that no other actor was in a position to bring about this solution (e.g. by an arbitration award). As a consequence of this assessment, from 1420 onwards there are increasing considerations to shape one's own actions more actively and to show less consideration for other actors.

Forced Migration always takes place within specific cultural, social, political, and spatial environments. This volumes focuses on the interaction between those forced to migrate and their environments in the contexts of escape and exile from Nazi-occupied Europe. Forced emigration from Nazi Germany was a global phenomenon that took refugees primarily from Central Europe to continents and countries they often knew very little about. Not only did they have to adapt to foreign cultures but also to unfamiliar natural environments that often exposed them to severe temperature conditions, droughts, rainy seasons and diseases. While some refugees prepared for the natural conditions of their exile destination others acquired environmental knowledge at their host countries or were able to adapt prior knowledge-about cultivation methods, for example, or species, products, and sales markets-to the new environment. Consequently, specific knowledge about the environment had a large influence on the success of the migration experience. Moreover, just as the migrants shaped their new environments, they were shaped by them.

Karolina Puchala-Ladzinska discusses the nature of language interpreting. First, she addresses selected theoretical issues related to interpreting and discusses the specifics of the most common types of interpreting. This is followed by an overview of an interpreter's competencies and skills and a chapter on note-taking as an aid to consecutive interpreting. The process of interpreting is presented in detail, the success or failure of which depends largely on the choice of techniques and strategies. This part also addresses the problem of errors in interpreting as well as nonverbal elements and interpreting assessment. Finally, before presenting a selection of practical exercises for interpreting courses, the role of creative thinking in the context of interpreting is discussed.

Marta Tomczok presents all Polish postmodern novels about the Holocaust, starting with "The First Splendor" by Leopold Buczkowski and ending with "The Suspected Dybbuk" by Andrzej Bart. She also presents their rich relationships with selected foreign-language prose, which intensified especially at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The culmination of the entire trend is a discussion around two novels: "Tworki" by Marek Bienczyk and "Fly Trap Factory" by Andrzej Bart, which reveals the aestheticizing and post-memorial profile of Polish postmodernization and its advantage over the historiosophical trend. This monograph is not only the first such collection of post-Holocaust postmodern novels, but also the first comprehensive study of postmodernism in the literature about the Holocaust, which, thanks to comparative analysis, tries to analyze and explain the circumstances of the appearance and later disappearance of this trend from cultural landscape of the world and Poland.

This book presents numerous instruments which create postmortal succession on the example of Polish law. Alongside the solution in inheritance law, one may apply specific inheritance (e.g. of agricultural farms) that benefits only such heirs who meet additional requirements, as well as undertake legal acts that allow to decide on heritability (or non-heritability) character of rights and duties (e.g. within the contract of mandate or company contracts). There are also numerous legislative instruments that allow for succession otherwise than by inheritance so that particular persons (and not heirs) benefit after the decedent. Such instruments include regulations of civil law but also e.g. banking law, social insurance law which are often comparable with nonprobate instruments (or willsubstitutes) under American law or German Sonderrechtsnachfolge.

Bilderbücher aus der Romantik. Von Spinoza inspirierte Bühnenbilder. Durch K.I. imaginierte Szenen aus der Frühen Neuzeit. Was die Erzählperspektive nicht kann, überträgt Alexander Kluge zuletzt auf die eigentümliche Logik der Bilder. Band 9 des Alexander Kluge-Jahrbuchs beginnt mit einer Zusammenstellung seiner jüngsten Werke, deren Bilder das Staunen über öffentliche Krisen im 21. Jahrhundert zum Ausdruck bringen. Kluges Staunen - sei es in Form von in Kriegsgebieten fotografierten Tieren, dem Aufeinanderprallen physikalischer Gegensätze auf Leinwänden und Bühnen oder der maschinellen Erzeugung des Unsichtbaren auf Bildschirmen - stellt unser Unterscheidungsvermögen immer wieder auf die Probe. Neben Dialogen mit der Malerin Katharina Grosse und dem Dichter Ben Lerner enthält der Band einen Schwerpunkt zum Thema Dekolonialismus sowie weitere wissenschaftliche Beiträge zu verwandten Themen wie z.B. Technik, Ikonoklasmus, das Politische und Theoriearbeit.Romantic picture books. Stage designs inspired by Spinoza. A.I. imagined scenes from the early modern period. What the narrative perspective cannot achieve, Alexander Kluge has recently displaced on to the peculiar logic of the images. Volume 9 of the Alexander Kluge-Jahrbuch begins with a compilation of his most recent works, the images of which express astonishment at the public crises of the 21st century. Kluge's astonishment-whether in the form of animals photographed in war zones, the clash of physical opposites on screens and stages, or machine-generated invisibility on screens-is a constant challenge to our capacity for differentiation. In addition to dialogues with painter Katharina Grosse and poet Ben Lerner, the volume includes a cluster of essays on decolonialism as well as other scholarly contributions on related topics such as technology, iconoclasm, the political and the labor of theory.

The monograph is a presentation of the writings of the stateless people called Lemkos-Rusyns, from the earliest awareness of their own cultural and ethnic separateness until World War I. It contains information about the group and its culture, defines the concept of Lemko literature as a minority literature and describes the cultural situation of Lemkos in the 19th century. Ten chapters present the main genres and types of Lemko literature in the years 1848-1918. Literature is shown as one of the key cultural and identity discourses. Extensively quoted excerpts from texts reveal the linguistic reality and consciousness of the Lemko intelligentsia of the time. The monograph also outlines the developmental tendencies of Lemko literature over the successive stages of this community's history.

The authors analyse macro-level political decisions across various societies as well as individual actions and experiences to advocate for a more inclusive and effective education system capable of driving social change. They consider relationships between politics, education and social change - in various contexts and dimensions. The macro level of educational policy (and politics) is confronted with the micro realities of human biographies. However, the authors do not consider people who are influenced by political decisions as incapacitated "mass". Thus, social change always results from these macro-micro connections. This interdisciplinary book includes themes related to political sciences, education, and sociology, which resulted from the authors' study of contemporary social and education phenomena. It gives insight into interesting paradoxes and controversies.

Amateur film and amateur media practices have attracted increasing interest in recent decades in the context of the "visual turn". Questions of agency, participatory and political/militant film practices, and of representations of "self" and "other" are of interest as well as the institutions and networks of amateur productions. This special issue of "zeitgeschichte" contributes to this field of research by examining international and transnational developments of amateur films in the period after the Second World War. The collected contributions analyze national specifics and regional shapings of practices as well as cultural constructions in amateur film and video, they trace transnational entanglements of amateur media and tackle cross-border amateur filmmaking and internationally and globally shared discursive references and uses of metaphors in video activism. The authors elaborate parallels to organizational structures in amateur film practices in specific sociopolitical and cultural contexts and discuss aspects of memory and the appropriation of hegemonic visual cultures in individual film practices.

This volume brings together a group of most highly acclaimed Canadian writers and distinguished international experts on Canadian literature to discuss what potential Janice Kulyk Keefer's concept of "historiographic ethnofiction" has for ethnic writing in Canada. The collection builds upon Kulyk Keefer's idea but also moves beyond it by discussing such realms of the concept as its ethics and aesthetics, multiple and multilayered sites, generic intersections, and diasporic (con-)texts. Thus, focusing on Canadian historiographic ethnofiction, "Land Deep in Time" is the first study to define and explore a type of writing which maintains a marked presence in Canadian literature but has not yet been recognized as a separately identifiable genre.

"Between Freedom and Security" is an attempt at an interdisciplinary, humanistic-technical consideration of the problem of the need of the self-realizing human being to meet the requirements imposed on him by, among other things, technical norms and legal regulations, which in a certain sense form the framework for his functioning (in a sense the limitation of the individual) and his subjective reception of freedom. Recognizing that the need for freedom and the need for security are constitutive for the self-realizing subject, the contributors present the different aspects of security and the constraints associated with it, and make suggestions for bridging the existing dissonance between what is objectively necessary and what is subjectively and individually justified.

One of the characteristic features of the linguistic situation of contemporary Iran is the coexistence of two standards of Modern Persian: the written and the spoken. While literature is generally composed in the written variety, the typically "spoken" forms are also to be found in the literary text. Modern spoken Persian in Contemporary Iranian Novels is a study of these. A scrutinous analysis of five carefully selected novels with methods drawing mostly from the register analysis seeks answers to questions such as: what features are characteristic to the spoken variety of language, how are they woven into the literary language, does the relationship between spoken and written registers change over time and how can this process affect the future development of Persian language?

Despite its many benefits, religion can be a source of internal struggle. God seems to be distant or punishing. People feel anger toward God in the face of life events, particularly experiences connected with suffering, injustice, and personal disappointments. The study focuses on three types of religious struggle: guilt and fear of not being forgiven by God, negative emotions toward God, and negative social interactions related to religion. The study examines the predictors and consequences of struggle in the context of psychological well-being. The following issues are addressed: dependence of struggle from personality traits, parental attitudes, humility, and religiosity, relationships of struggles with the indicators of wellbeing in the general population, and people coping with stress.

Early Chinese inscriptions show that already the kings of the Western Zhou period (1045-771 BCE) called upon officials to submit remonstrances. However, it was not until the Warring States period (fifth century BCE to 221 BCE) that remonstrance was explained to mean that monarchical rule would be optimized if officials could object to the monarch's decisions. This book examines the history of remonstrance in China from conceptual, institutional, literary, and comparative perspectives, pointing out parallels to European institutions and the expression of dissent in modern China. Special attention is paid to the historical semantics of remonstrance, the strategies and intentions of remonstrants, and the perspective of the rulers who instrumentalized criticism to pursue their own goals.

The contributors of the twelve texts collected in this volume follow two paths: Firstly, there is a methodological path related to the discussion of the interdisciplinarity of discourse studies and the potential of qualitative research based on the study of a single case. Secondly, by taking as a case study the political interview by Tomasz Lis, a leading liberal journalist, with Jaroslaw Kaczynski, chairman of the right-wing Law and Justice party, they delineate possible avenues for an in-depth view of the mechanisms of Poland's highly polarised public debate.

This volume showcases interdisciplinary research on young people's media lifeworlds originating from the research platform #YouthMediaLife at the University of Vienna and its first international conference in 2021. From big questions about our research practices during pandemic times to smaller data sets focusing on specific platforms and historical or geographical particularities, the volume constitutes a diverse collection with a broad thematic heading and, as such, demonstrates the range and scope of this research field. It offers to its readers the opportunity to learn about broader approaches to interdisciplinary research and provides case studies that are very specific in their focus and illustrate irritations and concerns with contemporary media practices.

This volume starts with an overview of the history of teaching Polish as a foreign language from the beginning of the 16th century to 1939. The authors then present the rapid development of teaching Polish as a foreign language from 1992 to 2015. This is supplemented by information on the methodology of teaching Polish. In the next part they describe the didactics of the Polish language abroad, followed by the introduction of the Polish language policy and the promotion of Polish outside Poland. Then they present the teaching of Polish as a second language and the problems of communication. At the end, information is given about the achievements of European didactics in the field of teaching Polish as a foreign and second language. The volume concludes with a proposal for the creation of a didactics of European languages (including Slavic languages as well).

El libro analiza la época colonial en su diversidad social, contextualize el momento histórico en el que surgió y la conceptualiza en términos de sus variables epistemológicas. La diferencia colonial que aparece entre ellos creó sujetos racializados. Figuras como la del buen salvaje son extraordinariamente duraderas y, a pesar de que los contextos temporales y espaciales cambian constantemente, pueden ser activadas hasta la actualidad. Las preguntas que las autoridades coloniales exploraron como parte de la imaginación de la sociedad comienzan por indagar quiénes eran los "indios" y cómo, finalmente, podían ser integrados. Desde perspectivas multidisciplinarias, las contribuciones presentan estudios de caso para una nueva comprensión de la época colonial, también con vistas al presente.The book analyses the colonial era in its social diversity, contextualises the historical moment in which it emerged and conceptualises it in terms of its epistemological variables. The colonial difference that appears between them created racialised subjects. Figures such as the good savage are extraordinarily durable and, despite constantly changing temporal and spatial contexts, can be activated to the present day. The questions that colonial authorities explored as part of the imagination of society begin by asking who the "Indians" were and how they could ultimately be integrated. From multidisciplinary perspectives, the contributions present case studies for a new understanding of the colonial era, also with a view to the present.

Im Jahr 2021 feierte die Evangelisch-Theologische Fakultät der Universität Wien ihr 200-Jahr-Jubiläum. Aus diesem Anlass hat die Fakultät ihre Feiertage unter das Motto »Zukunft der Theologie - Theologie der Zukunft« gestellt. Dieser Band bietet die Vorträge der Festveranstaltung zusammen mit Grußworten sowie die Ringvorlesung des Professoriums zum Thema. Darüber hinaus enthält er weitere Beiträge aus aktuellen Forschungsperspektiven von Mitgliedern der Fakultät. In 2021, the Faculty of Protestant Theology at the University of Vienna celebrated its 200th anniversary. To mark the occasion, the Faculty has placed its celebrations under the motto "Future of Theology - Theology of the Future". This volume offers the lectures of the festive event together with greetings as well as the professorial lecture series on this topic. In addition, it contains further contributions from current research perspectives by members of the faculty.

Für die juristische Untersuchung der kolonialrechtlichen Erwerbsprozesse sind die dem deutschen Zivilrecht immanenten Gerechtigkeitsideale und Billigkeitsgrundsätze maßgeblich. Robin Leon Gogol gibt durch eine rechtshistorische Quellenauswertung einen Überblick über das Kolonialrecht und stellt mittels der Untersuchung des rechtlichen Rahmens der deutschen Kolonialisierungsgeschichte die Auswirkungen des Rechts auf die Provenienzforschung fest, um dann abschließend Kategorien rechtlicher Legitimität für den konkreten Einzelfall einer historischen Provenienzprüfung zu erarbeiten. Dabei behandelt er neben abstrakten juristischen Fragestellungen auch die spannende Herkunftsgeschichte der »Federkrone aus Kamerun«, die mutmaßlich vom Besitz des Manga Ndumbe Bell in die Hände des deutschen Missionars Theodor Christaller gelangt ist.

Die Relevanz der Corona-Pandemie für Gesellschaften ist in Sprache und Kommunikation in unterschiedlicher Form dokumentiert worden. Die in diesem Band versammelten Beiträge sollen ein differenziertes Bild der Realisierung des Corona-Diskurses vermitteln. Dementsprechend konzentrieren sich die Studien auf lexikalische Einheiten, mit denen der pandemischen Realität Rechnung getragen wird. Eine natürliche Manifestation der Diskurse sind Texte, denen auch hierin besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird. Beachtung finden ebenfalls Humor in Krisenzeiten und seine Erscheinungsformen wie Witze oder Corona-Memes. Daher gibt der Band einen fundierten Einblick in den Corona-Diskurs mit besonderem Fokus auf die Sprache Deutsch, wobei er auch Untersuchungen zu anderen Sprachen berücksichtigt.The significance of the corona pandemic for societies around the world has been documented in language and communication in various forms. The articles collected in this volume aim to provide a differentiated picture of the realization of the Corona discourse. Accordingly, the studies focus on lexical units, with which the pandemic reality is taken into account. A natural manifestation of the discourses are texts, which are also given special attention in this volume on the Corona discourse. This volume also pays attention to humor in times of crisis and its manifestations such as jokes or corona memes. Accordingly, the anthology gives a well-founded insight into the Corona discourse with a special focus on German, while also considering other languages.

The almost invisible images of a hitherto unknown painter called Eusebius, who worked in San Vitale Ravenna and in Vivarium, are a gallery of portraits of his famous contemporaries such as Theodoric, Vitiges, Amalasunta and a visual commentary of Justinian's tyrannical behaviour. Living between two ages, without belonging to either this solitary man, who was born an Arian but died a Catholic, at once both Goth and Roman Latin, represents the fullest embodiment of a type of cultural "hybridisation" that is well attested throughout history. Eusebius is a spiritual brother of those "hybrid" artists (Serge Gruzinski), who have left extraordinary examples of "grotesques" populated by fantastic beings - chimeras with multiple heads, sirens, monsters, living hieroglyphs of their own contradictory, exuberant, and vital identity. Having survived Cassiodorus, whose teachings he seems to have understood better than others at the time, Eusebius exerted a beneficial influence on the monks of the Vivarium, living to a ripe old age. After having embodied for so long the unbiased tolerance which motivated him in his collaborations with a very diverse range of men and which had been the core of his own life and those of his companions in Ravenna: that mixture of confidentiality, intelligence, pointed irony, fantasy, and - why not? - touch of madness which had helped him to navigate through the troubled waters of his age, always leaving at the margins the demons who haunted him.

The history of the relationships intertwined by the Taizé Community amongst Christians of Eastern European countries in the second half of the last century has not yet been written. Yet it is a fundamental chapter for understanding the unique international irradiation of the community. The encounter with the different faces of a Christian youth beyond the Iron Curtain who in Taizé experienced an European space at once unified, will become in particular one of the main directions of investment of the community from the early 1960s. It is on this story that the contributions of this volume intend to throw a first light, relying on a completely unpublished documentation and on the witnesses of many protagonists involved in the construction of this unique continental and ecumenical network.

The education process is inextricably linked to the context of socio-cultural needs, and the concept of the profession and the professional role of the teacher are subject to definitional changes. The complex issues of how the school and the teacher function are examined by the authors. Central themes include: How do the school and the teacher function? What social changes is 21st century society undergoing, both in terms of modernization and globalisation? What does the figure of the teacher look like in the 21st century with reference to the historical outline of the institution of school and the teaching profession? To what extent can teachers be subjective? This book is a reflection on the school institution and the person of the teacher, it has been created to highlight the essence of the pedagogical dimension of education, socio-cultural changes, and pedagogical innovations.

In this volume, Lucyna Harmon compares the episodes that constitute the British TV series Agatha Christie's Poirot with David Suchet with their precursor texts, with the aim of establishing most salient changes between both. These changes are grouped by underlying patterns into twenty-three categories. Their list includes activation, anticipation, amelioration, bohemisation, co-option, depopulation, entertainisation, glorification, human softening, importation, marital reduction, melodramatisation, multiplication, pejoration, political correction, political redirection, politicisation, reviving, romanticisation, social adjustment, social alerting, social correction, teaming and thrill intensification. These categories are postulated as adaptation strategies, suitable as a research tool in adaptation studies.