Botany

Botany
By J.D. Hooker CONTENTS
I-Introductory
II-General Characters of Flowering Plants
III-The Tissues of Plants
IV-The Growth of Cell-Tissue, and Nature of the Cell
V-The Food of Plants
VI-The Growing Seed
VII-The Root
VIII-The Stem
IX-The Buds and Branches
X-The Leaves
XI-The Inflorescence
XII-The Flower
XIII-The Calyx
XIV-The Corolla
XV-The Disk
XVI -Estivation
XVII-The Stamen
XVIII-The Pistil
XIX-The Ovule
XX-Fertilization
XXI-The Fruit
XXII-The Seed
XXIII-Surface Coverings and Appendages
XXIV-Gymnospermous Plants
XXV-Classification
XXVI-Physiological Experiments
XXVII-A School-Garden of Flowering Plants
XXVIII-Schedules for Exercises on Leaves AND Flowers PREFACE The object of this Primer is to supply an elementary knowledge of the principal facts of plant-life, together with the means of training beginners in the way to observe plants methodically and accurately; and in the way to apply the knowledge thus obtained to the methodical study of Botany. It is hoped that by its means the teacher may convey a sound elementary knowledge of the number, nature, relative positions and uses of the principal organs of plants, of the order and way in which they grow, and in which plants multiply, and of those resemblances which exist amongst them, by a comparison of which their true relationships are known and themselves classified. In using this Primer the plants indicated are, whenever possible, to be put into each pupil's hand. Hence, to facilitate its use, I have placed at the end an Index of the plants referred to in it. These may be procured in the country, or from any intelligent nurseryman. Many of them should be grown in every school-garden, and arranged in it systematically, so that the teacher may have the same means of displaying to his pupils the principles of classification at the great founder of the natural classification of plants, Bernard de Jussieu, had after arranged the Garden of the Palace of Trianon after its establishment by Louis XV. The teacher should further have a copious supply of dried flowers, and other parts of these plants so preserved as that the pupil can, after moistening them in warm water, separate their organs. Much may thus be learnt when fresh plants cannot be obtained, and a rehearsal of the summer's lessons upon such dried specimens is a most improving exercise. He should also have a supply of preserved fruits, seeds, sections of stems, and of mounted preparations of the tissues and minute parts of plants adapted for exhibition under the microscope. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Windham Press is committed to bringing the lost cultural heritage of ages past into the 21st century through high-quality reproductions of original, classic printed works at affordable prices. This book has been carefully crafted to utilize the original images of antique books rather than error-prone OCR text. This also preserves the work of the original typesetters of these classics, unknown craftsmen who laid out the text, often by hand, of each and every page you will read. Their subtle art involving judgment and interaction with the text is in many ways superior and more human than the mechanical methods utilized today, and gave each book a unique, hand-crafted feel in its text that connected the reader organically to the art of bindery and book-making. We think these benefits are worth the occasional imperfection resulting from the age of these books at the time of scanning, and their vintage feel provides a connection to the past that goes beyond the mere words of the text.