Bøger af Kemal Yildirim

One of Bangladesh's oldest indigenous groups is known as the Santals. Several historians refer to and regard them as Bengal's first settlers. They mostly belong to the pre-Aryan, Austro-Asian stock of settlers. Since they are the original people of the country, they should have had more power and development.I met a Santali boy, and it was very interesting for me to explore his national heritage as the oldest group known as the Santals in Bangladesh. They are also known as oldest settlers in India and Bhutan.I hope this book will provide the reader with necessary information about culture and social structure of Santals, which is not widely known by many others.

Dieses Buch bezieht sich auf die kooperative, konstruktive und positive Interaktion zwischen Menschen mit unterschiedlichen religiösen Traditionen. Überall auf der Welt gibt es lokale, regionale, nationale und internationale interreligiöse Initiativen; viele sind formell oder informell miteinander verbunden und bilden größere Netzwerke oder Föderationen. Das Hauptziel dieses Buches ist der Frieden, aber ich glaube auch, dass es keinen Frieden zwischen den Religionen ohne den Dialog zwischen den Religionen geben wird. Für einige hat der Begriff interreligiöser Dialog dieselbe Bedeutung wie der interreligiöse Dialog. Beides ist nicht dasselbe wie das konfessionslose Christentum. Der Begriff "interreligiös" bezieht sich auf die Interaktion zwischen verschiedenen Glaubensgruppen, wie z. B. zwischen Muslimen und Christen oder Hindus und Juden. Für viele von uns ist die Geschichte des interreligiösen Dialogs so alt wie die Religion selbst. Wenn sich die Menschen nicht gerade im Krieg mit ihren Nachbarn befanden, bemühten sie sich, diese zu verstehen (nicht zuletzt, weil Verständnis eine Verteidigungsstrategie ist, sondern auch, weil Kriege so lange hinausgezögert werden, wie es einen Dialog gibt). In der Geschichte gibt es viele Beispiele für interreligiöse Initiativen und den Dialog durch die Jahrhunderte hindurch.

Este livro refere-se à interação cooperativa, construtiva e positiva entre pessoas de diferentes tradições religiosas. Em todo o mundo existem iniciativas inter-religiosas locais, regionais, nacionais e internacionais; muitas estão formal ou informalmente ligadas e constituem redes ou federações de maior dimensão. O principal objetivo de escrever este livro é a Paz, mas também acredito que não haverá paz entre as religiões sem diálogo entre elas. Para alguns, o termo diálogo inter-religioso tem o mesmo significado que diálogo inter-religioso. Nenhum dos dois é o mesmo que cristianismo não confessional. O termo "inter-religioso" refere-se à interação entre diferentes grupos religiosos, como muçulmanos e cristãos ou hindus e judeus, por exemplo. Para muitos de nós, a história do diálogo inter-religioso é tão antiga como a própria religião. Quando não estão em guerra com os seus vizinhos, os seres humanos esforçam-se por compreendê-los (até porque a compreensão é uma estratégia de defesa, mas também porque, enquanto houver diálogo, as guerras são adiadas). A história regista muitos exemplos de iniciativas e diálogos inter-religiosos ao longo dos tempos.

The Barmakids (Persian: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ Barmakiyân; Arabic: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ al-Bar¿mikah), also spelled Barmecides, were an influential Iranian family from Balkh, where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders (in the Nawbahar monastery), and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. Khalid, the son of Barmak, became the chief minister (vizier) of Al Saffah, the first Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. His son Yahya aided Harun al-Rashid in capturing the throne and rose to power as the most powerful man in the Caliphate. The Barmakids were remarkable for their majesty, splendor and hospitality. They are mentioned in some stories of the One Thousand and One Nights.

Minority rights protection was for the first time formally included within the international legal framework following World War I, through the League of Nations¿ Minority Treaties. However, the League of Nations was dissolved in 1946.After World War II, minority rights received significantly less attention, with the notable exceptions of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the Genocide Convention), and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which includes minority rights protection under Article 27.The collapse of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe and the rise of ethnic nationalism, followed by the violent conflict in former Yugoslavia, changed the situation.

The vast majority of Pashtuns can be found in an area stretching from southeastern Afghanistan to western Pakistan. Small additional colonies can be found in the Northern Areas, Pakistan Occupied Kashmir, and Karachi in Pakistan, as well as in other parts of Afghanistan. There are smaller communities in Iran and India, and a large migrant worker community in the countries of the Arabian Peninsula. Important metropolitan centers of Pashtun culture include Peshawar and Kandahar, while Kabul and Quetta, though having large Pashtun populations, are more mixed cities of cultural significance.

Urdu language, member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. More than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India, speak Urdu as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or ¿scheduled,¿ in the constitution of India. Significant speech communities exist in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States as well. Notably, Urdu and Hindi are mutually. Intelligible so the Urdu Language flourished in the Delhi Sultanate. The origin of the Urdu Language can be traced back to the 14th century. In the 14th century, due to the ruling of the Mughal rulers, especially rulers of Turkish or Afghan descent, the continuation of the Islamic practices and the influence of the diverse cultures led to the flourishing of the Urdu Language. The Rulers in the Mughal era had a special liking towards the Sufi and Persian music and poetry culture. Persian and Sufi literature has a strong background in the Urdu language.

Anunnakis comes to mind, when you think of ancient civilizations. You might think of the Romans. Maybe Maya pops into your head. Perhaps you think of the Aboriginal people of Australia. Today¿s Wonder of the Day is another great ancient civilization - the Sumerians. Situated in Mesopotamia, ancient Sumer was a collection of city-states. The Sumerians had advanced militaries, mathematics, and writing. And many of their writings tell modern people about Sumerian culture.The Sumerian civilization existed from 4100 B.C.E. until around 1750 B.C.E. The name ¿Sumer¿ meant ¿land of the civilized kings.¿ The Sumerians were one of the first groups to divide time into hours and minutes. They also had a complex religion that involved gods called the Anunnaki.The Anunnaki were believed to be in charge of Sumerians¿ fates. Many myths involved members of the Anunnaki passing judgment on humans. Additionally, the gods were described as children of the Earth and sky. Most people chalk these stories up to mythology, the same way they do the Greek gods. However, others wonder whether there¿s more to the story.

It is a commonly accepted view in mainstream archaeology that civilization started in Iraq, in ancient Mesopotamia with the great civilization of Sumeria. However, there is an archaeological discovery at the Al Ubaid archaeological site, where many pre-Sumerian 7,000-year-old artifacts were found, depicting humanoid figures with lizard characteristics. The Ubaidian culture is a prehistoric culture in Mesopotamia that dates between 4000 and 5500 BC. As with the Sumerians, the origins of the Ubaidian people are unknown. They lived in large village settlements in mud-brick houses and they had developed architecture, agriculture and farmed the land using irrigation. The domestic architecture included large T-shaped houses; open courtyards, paved streets, as well as food processing equipment. Some of these villages began to develop into towns; temples began to appear, as well as monumental buildings such as in Eridu, Ur and Uruk, the major sites of the Sumerian Civilization. According to the Sumerian texts, Ur was believed to be the first city. The main site where the unusual artifacts were discovered is called Tell Al ¿Ubaid ¿ although figurines were also found in Ur and Eridu.

Myanmar¿s population is known to be incredibly diverse, with hundreds of ethnic nationalities with distinct religions, languages and histories residing in the country. Ethnicity and religion are central identity markers in Myanmar. However, these identity markers have been politicized throughout Myanmar¿s contemporary history, particularly during the British colonial period, the early independence period, and the decades under military rule. In regard to the role of the crisis in Rakhine state, social divisions between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Muslim Rohingyas have been present in the area for decades, exacerbated by hate speech and anti-Rohingya rhetoric by hardliners that have influential members of the Buddhist monkhood. In 2016 and 2017, attacks on police outposts by the newly formed Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army prompted large scale crackdowns by the Tatmadaw on Rohingya communities in northern Rakhine state. The disproportionate nature of the crackdowns led to the exodus of over 700 000 refugees that fled to neighbouring Bangladesh, creating a massive human rights and humanitarian crisis.

The Amorites were a Semitic people who seem to have emerged from western Mesopotamia (modern day Syria) at some point prior to the 3rd millennium BCE. In Sumerian they were known as the Martu or the Tidnum (in the Ur III Period), in Akkadian by the name of Amurru, and in Egypt as Amar, all of which mean 'westerners' or 'those of the west', as does the Hebrew name Amorite. They worshipped their own pantheon of gods with a chief deity named Amurru (also known as Belu Sadi - 'Lord of the Mountains¿ whose wife, Belit-Seri was 'Lady of the Desert¿), which also became a designation for the people as the Akkadians also referred to them as 'the people of Amurrü and to the region of Syria as 'Amurrü. There is no record of what the Amorites called themselves. The god Amurrüs association with the mountains and his wife's with the desert suggests that they may have originated in the area of Syria around Mount Hermon but this is unsubstantiated. Their origins are unknown and their precise history, until they settle in cities like Mari, Ebla, and Babylon, is equally mysterious.

The word Taliban is Pashto, ¿¿¿¿¿¿ (t¿älibän), meaning 'students', the plural of t¿älib. This is a loanword from Arabic ¿¿¿¿ (t¿älib), using the Pashto plural ending -än ¿¿. In Arabic ¿¿¿¿¿¿ (t¿älibän) means not 'students', but rather 'two students', as it is a dual form, the Arabic plural being ¿ ¿ (t¿ulläb) ¿occasionally causing some confusion to Arabic speakers. Since becoming a loanword in English, Taliban, besides a plural noun referring to the group, has also been used as a singular noun referring to an individual. For example, John Walker Lindh has been referred to as "an American Taliban", rather than "an American Talib". The spelling Taliban has come to be predominant over Taleban in English. 1. In American English, a "the" prefix is used thereby referring to the group "The Taliban" rather than just "Taliban". Meanwhile, in English language media in Pakistan, there is often no prefix used. 2. Both Pakistani and Indian English-language media also tend to name the group "Afghan Taliban". 3. Additionally, in Pakistan, the word Talibans is often used when referring to more than one Taliban member. This book covers new trends about the rise of Taliban to power.

The ancient city of Jerusalem is known worldwide both in history and our modern times as central issue to the religion and the nationalism of Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs, both Muslim and Christian, alike in which it makes it the most emotional and volatile of all the issues in dispute between the two parties. The heart of the dispute over Jerusalem is known widely as the Old City. It is there we find the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the Western Wall and the Temple Mount/Haram al Sharif Beyond the religious significance, the city of Jerusalem is also seen as the national capital of both Jews and Palestinian Arabs. It was the central city in the Kingdom of Judah, and thus the only identifiable capital Jews have had in their history¿ The international community does not technically recognize either Israeli or Palestinian sovereignty over any part of Jerusalem. The 1947 United Nations plan to partition Palestine stipulated that Jerusalem would be under international jurisdiction, providing for the protection of the people and sites in the contested city. None of the events since then have been recognized by the international community as changing that status.

Caldea, Assyrians call as Kaldu, (Chaldoyé) Babylonian call chaldeans as Kasdu, and in Hebrew it is called as Kasddim, where their land is located in southern Babylonia (so called the territory in today¿s modern southern Iraq) Chaldea and chaldeans are frequently mentioned in the Old Testament as well. Frankly speaking, the name should be applied to the land bordering the head of the Persian Gulf between the Arabian desert and the Euphrates delta. The Chaldeans and Assyrians of the old were both ethnically, culturally, and linguistically look the same people divided along political and religious allegiances where those tribes lived together under the last Mesopotamian national regime, that of the Chaldeans. Chaldean Empire was their final name under one nation which is the last national self-rule by the people of Mesopotamia. It represents the last and most illustrious glory of ancient Mesopotamia with international repercussion through the agesBabylon became the final capital of Mesopotamia With the Chaldean rule in terms of its political structure and its administration , both religiously and with some linguistic features because they also speak Neo-Aramaic land.

Disaster risk reduction is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and reduce the causal factors of disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events are all examples of disaster risk reduction.However, Climate is usually defined as the "average weather" in a place. It includes patterns of temperature, precipitation (rain or snow), humidity, wind and seasons. Climate patterns play a fundamental role in shaping natural ecosystems, and the human economies and cultures that depend on them. But the climate we¿ve come to expect is not what it used to be, because the past is no longer a reliable predictor of the future. Our climate is rapidly changing with disruptive impacts, and that change is progressing faster than any seen in the last 2,000 years.This book examines the approaches towards disaster risk and Climate change management in Middle East region.

This book explores how memory intersects with and shapes religious traditions and cultural identities of ancient civilizations in respect of their religious beliefs and cultural identities. . ¿t discusses how the memory layers that make up ancient history (social, religious, cultural) are represented and refracted in different contexts of the written and material remains of antiquity. Part ¿ Part I looks at religious pasts and the religious present in description and philiosophy of religion contexts, as well as the visual expression of specific identities, formed and forged over long periods of time. Part ¿¿ Part II is about defining religious identity and focuses on the apparently homogenous cultures that engage in a dialogue with their own past. case studies show how selective commemoration and inventing the past shape particular religious identities., and ancient religious lives of anc¿ent peoples. PART III Part III is about the forgotten ancient religions

The Zazas, (also known as Kird, Kirmanc or Dimili) are a people in eastern Anatolia who natively speak the Zaza language. Their heartland, the Dersim region, consists of Tunceli, Bingöl provinces and parts of Elaz¿¿, Erzincan and Diyarbak¿r provinces. The majority of Zazas consider themselves ethnic Kurds, part of the Kurdish nation,Among Kurdish Social groups, However, Zazas identify themselves with different names changing from region to region. Kirmancs, Kirds, Dimili/Dumbili and Zazas. And the dialect carry the names of their different regions - Kirmanchki, Kirdki, Dimilki and Zazaki. Compared to other Kurdish dialects, their dialect alone retains characteristics from ancient languages which have been preserved through time. Zazas originated in eastern Anatolia and are genetically indistinguishable from their Kurmanji neighbors, although linguistically connected to the region south of the Caspian Sea. The future of the Zaza will greatly be determined by the political processes in Turkey through the Government policies in Turkey. and through the prospective of Kurdish movement and the activity of Zaza intellectuals themselves.

The Amarna Period was an era of Egyptian history during the latter half of the Eighteenth Dynasty when the royal residence of the pharaoh and his queen was shifted to Akhetaten ('Horizon of the Aten') in what is now Amarna. It was marked by the reign of Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten (1353¿1336 BC) in order to reflect the dramatic change of Egypt's polytheistic religion into one where the sun disc Aten was worshipped over all other gods. Aten was not solely worshipped (the religion was not monotheistic), but the other gods were worshipped to a significantly lesser degree. The Egyptian pantheon of the equality of all gods and goddesses was restored under Akhenaten's successor, Tutankhamun. This book examines Foreign policies of this famous civilization as well as the Diplomatic practices conducted during Amarna Era in ancient Neareast.The Amarna Letters feature correspondence among the rulers of several empires, dubbed by modern historians The Club of Great Powers such as Babylon, Assyria, Mitanni and Hatti, viz. the major powers in Mesopotamia, the Levant and Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age.