Bøger af U S Department of the Interior

In July 1867, the Oregon City Enterprise reported a peculiar observation from a Portland, Oregon, correspondent. "On several occasions, of moonlit nights," they related, "the police have caught parties engaged in practice on the flat roofs of some of the brick buildings." The same activity provoked protest from at least one Portlander. "In the name of humanity," he wrote to the Portland Morning Oregonian in August, "how long are we to be afflicted with this...nonsense?" Annoyed and dumbfounded by the activity, he openly wondered "of what possible interest can it be to the mass of readers? " Comparing it to "marbles, blind man's bluff, hide and seek, old sister Phoebe," he asked "but who, in the name of reason, would expect to see elaborate weekly reports...in the papers?" "Come now," he chided, "take a second thought and show a little mercy on a NERVOUS MAN." In response, the Morning Oregonian offered little to calm his nerves. "All we know," they opined, "is that the end is not yet; that the National Game is decidedly 'on the fly', and we cannot, considering all the signs of the times, predict for a...'short stop'." What was this activity practiced so widely it even utilized rooftops and evenings as a setting? What activity saturated Portland- area newspapers in the eyes of at least one citizen? What was this growing National Game described by the Morning Oregonian? It was baseball; or rather base ball. In the year 1867, Portland, Oregon, and nearby Vancouver, Washington Territory, along with neighboring communities including Oregon City, Oregon, saw an explosion in the popularity of what had, ten years before, been dubbed America's national past time. From the reported first match game in 1866 between two of the areas first organized clubs-the Pioneer Base Ball Club of Portland and the Clackamas Base Ball Club of Oregon City-the number of teams skyrocketed by July 1867 to a reported seventeen clubs in Portland alone. This study will briefly explore base ball as it existed in the vicinity of the adjacent cities of Portland and Oregon City, Oregon and Vancouver, Washington Territory in 1867. It is not intended to be a comprehensive study; rather, it will explore the organization and administration of these early base ball clubs, and provide additional information regarding two teams that organized in Vancouver that year. With a goal of providing background information to inform the staff and volunteers participating in Fort Vancouver National Historic Site's interpretive and living history activities, including the popular Vintage Base Ball special events, this study will provide preliminary information in several areas.

This booklet provides information for individuals who are interested in tracing their American Indian or Alaskan Native ancestry. Topics include establishing your ancestry, benefits provided to American Indian and Alaskan Natives, Enrollment in a federally recognized tribe, doing the genealogical research, getting help with research, and tracing Cherokee Indian ancestry. Other topics of interest include how and where to find information, what to do if you are adopted, or whether or not a blood test can determine ancestry, and searching the Dawes Rolls.

This historic resource study/special history study has been prepared to satisfy in part the research needs as stated in the task directive concerning Manzanar National Historic Site, Historic Resource Study/Special History Study. The purpose of this study is the collection, presentation, and evaluation of historical research pertaining to the historic events that have occurred within the boundaries of the National Historic Site and its surrounding area. It is intended that the study will provide a data base for the National Historic Site's historic resources that will enable park administrators to formulate appropriate management policies to preserve, protect, and interpret those resources. The wartime evacuation and relocation of 117,000 persons of Japanese ancestry at relocation centers such as Manzanar is a dramatic and significant event in American history. Manzanar is symbolic of this tragic episode and is a reminder that a nation of laws needs constantly to honor its commitment to the concept of individual liberty and the rights of its citizens.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and desirability of designating the routes used by the British and Americans during the 1814 Chesapeake Campaign of the War of 1812 as a National Historic Trail (NHT) under the study provisions of the National Trails System Act (Public Law 90-543, 16 USC 1241, et seq.). This report is intended to provide information necessary for the evaluation of national significance and the potential designation of a NHT. The proposed NHT would commemorate the Chesapeake Campaign of the War of 1812, which includes the British invasion of Maryland, Battle of Bladensburg, burning of the White House and the Capitol, and the Battle for Baltimore in the summer of 1814. Eight potential land and water trail segments trace the historic routes of the British and American forces and the battles that inspired the writing of the poem that became the National Anthem. The routes taken by President Madison and the First Lady when fleeing Washington, the route to move important national documents to safety, and the route taken by the American forces to defend Baltimore are also studied and analyzed.

This historic resource study/special history study has been prepared to satisfy in part the research needs as stated in the task directive concerning Manzanar National Historic Site, Historic Resource Study/Special History Study. The purpose of this study is the collection, presentation, and evaluation of historical research pertaining to the historic events that have occurred within the boundaries of the National Historic Site and its surrounding area. It is intended that the study will provide a data base for the National Historic Site's historic resources that will enable park administrators to formulate appropriate management policies to preserve, protect, and interpret those resources. The wartime evacuation and relocation of 117,000 persons of Japanese ancestry at relocation centers such as Manzanar is a dramatic and significant event in American history. Manzanar is symbolic of this tragic episode and is a reminder that a nation of laws needs constantly to honor its commitment to the concept of individual liberty and the rights of its citizens.

This Historic Furnishings Report (HFR) consists of four parts: administrative information; analysis of historical occupancy; evidence of original furnishings; and recommended furnishings. It also includes illustrations, a bibliography and appendixes.

In the southern Beaufort Sea region, polar bears feed primarily on ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and to a lesser extent on bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) (Stirling and Archibald 1977, Smith 1980, Stirling 2002). Polar bears also feed on whale carcasses stranded along the Alaskan coastline during fall months (Craig George, unpublished data, Kalxdorff 1997). In 1999, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) began flying aerial surveys along the Beaufort Sea coastline between Cape Halkett and Jago Spit near Barter Island (Figure 1) during the fall open water period (September-October) to determine the distribution and abundance of polar bears in the central Beaufort Sea coastal area. Results indicate that the majority (73%) of polar bears observed in 2000-2004 were located within 12 km of Barter Island, where unused portions of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) were deposited by Kaktovik residents during fall whaling (14th Polar Bear Specialist Group [PBSG] proceedings, in prep.).

In April 2003, we conducted an operational test of an airborne multispectral scanner (AMS) over pack ice in the Bering Sea to evaluate the potential of this system as a survey tool for Pacific walruses. We scanned a total of 28,875 km2 of sea ice habitat at a spatial resolution of 4 m and collected high resolution photographs from a subset of the thermally detected walrus groups. We found a significant positive relationship between walrus group size and the amount of heat measured by the AMS and used this relationship to estimate total walrus numbers in the survey area. The number of walruses hauled out onto sea ice in our study area was estimated at 4,785 animals with a 95% confidence interval of 2,499-7,111.

This resource guide is designed to aid students and teachers in researching Alaska's World War II history. Alaska's role as battlefield, lend-lease transfer station, and North Pacific stronghold was often overlooked by historians in the post-war decades, but in recent years awareness has been growing of Alaska's wartime past. This renewed interest generates exciting educational opportunities for students and teachers researching this chapter in the history of our state. Few people know that the only World War II battle fought on U.S. soil took place in Alaska or that Japanese forces occupied two Aleutian Islands for more than a year. Still fewer know of the Russian pilots who trained in Fairbanks, the workers who risked their lives building the Alaska Highway, or the Alaska Scouts who patrolled the Bering Sea coast. The lives of Alaskans were forever changed by the experience of war, and the history of that dramatic era is still being written.

Migratory Bird Conservation Commission- 2011 Annual report

Although hundreds of stilling basins and energy-dissipating devices have been designed in conjunction with spillways, outlet works, and canal structures, it is often necessary to make model studies of individual structures to be certain that these will operate as anticipated. The reason for these repetitive tests is that a factor of uncertainty exists regarding the overall performance characteristics of energy dissipators. The many laboratory studies made on individual structures over a period of years have been made by different personnel, for different groups of designers, each structure having different allowable design limitations. Since no two structures were exactly alike, attempts to generalize the assembled data resulted in sketchy and, at times, inconsistent results having only vague connecting links. Extensive library research into the works of others revealed the fact that the necessary correlation factors are nonexistent. To fill the need for up-to-date hydraulic design information on stilling basins and energy dissipators, a research program on this general subject was begun with a study of the hydraulic jump, observing all phases as it occurs in open channel flow. With a broader understanding of this phenomenon it was then possible to proceed to the more practical aspects of stilling basin design. This monograph generalizes the design of stilling basins, energy dissipators of several kinds and associated appurtenances. General design rules are presented so that the necessary dimensions for a particular structure may be easily and quickly determined, and the selected values checked by others without the need for exceptional judgment or extensive previous experience. Proper use of the material in this monograph will eliminate the need for hydraulic model tests on many individual structures, particularly the smaller ones. Designs of structures obtained by following the recommendations presented here will be conservative in that they will provide a desirable factor of safety. However, model studies will still prove beneficial to reduce structure sizes further, to account for nonsymmetrical conditions of approach or getaway, or to evaluate other unusual conditions not described herein.

This study develops an approach for exploratory analysis to investigate whether and how the distribution of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea during autumn is affected by human activities, while simultaneously investigating and allowing for the influences of natural environmental factors on bowhead distribution and sightability. This study is based on analysis of aerial survey, industrial activity, and environmental data from the 1996, 1997 and 1998 autumn migration seasons. It was designed as Phase I of a study initiated by the Minerals Management Service (MMS). Phase II, if it proceeds, would expand and apply the approach to incorporate data from additional years, and to address additional questions and hypotheses about influences of natural and anthropogenic factors. The results from Phase I concerning potential effects of various variables should be considered preliminary, given the exploratory nature of the analysis, the limited number of years considered, and the fact that the statistical models were not fully optimized given the preliminary nature of the work.

It is very gratifying to see so many of you here, considering the competition for this meeting. Some of you from this part of the country are aware of only a couple of weeks ago we finished off the Fur Rendezvous Sprint races and about nine days ago the Iditarod started. Folks in this town are just dog-tired and it is a surprise to see you here. There is that great Alaskan spirit, bright-eyed, and bushy-tailed, out on the trail and here. So welcome again.

The Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) is a priceless national treasure. Its natural resources - water, fish, beaches, reefs, marshes, oil and gas - are the economic engine of the region. The Gulf is likewise vitally important to the entire nation as a bountiful source of food, energy and recreation. The Gulf Coast's unique culture and natural beauty are world-renowned. There is no place like it anywhere else on Earth. On April 20, 2010 the eyes of the world focused on an oil platform in the Gulf, approximately 50 miles off the Louisiana coast. The mobile drilling unit Deepwater Horizon, which was being used to drill an exploratory well for BP Exploration and Production, Inc. (BP), violently exploded, caught fire and eventually sank, tragically killing 11 workers. But that was only the beginning of the disaster. Oil and other substances from the well head immediately began flowing unabated approximately one mile below the surface. Initial efforts to cap the well were unsuccessful, and for 87 days oil spewed unabated into the Gulf. Oil eventually covered a vast area of thousands of square miles, and carried by the tides and currents reached the coast, polluting beaches, bays, estuaries and marshes from the Florida panhandle to west of Galveston Island, Texas. At the height of the spill, approximately 37% of the open water in the Gulf was closed to fishing. Before the well was finally capped, an estimated 5 million barrels (210 million gallons) of oil escaped from the well over a period of approximately 3 months. In addition, approximately 1.84 million gallons of dispersants were applied to the waters of the spill area, both on the surface and at the well head one mile below. Shoreline communities and other responders along the Gulf coast raced to protect coastal habitats as beaches, coastal waters, estuaries, and marshes were put at risk of oiling. Floating booms were placed across inlets, within estuaries, and along sandy beaches creating a barrier to people and to important wildlife habitats. Heavy equipment and lines of workers moved large amounts of sand to form additional berms and barriers. Some response activities to the spill negatively impacted sandy beaches and marshes as thousands of workers descended on the beaches and sensitive wetland areas preparing for the oil to come ashore, searching for oil and removing product by hand and with machines. It was an environmental disaster of unprecedented proportions. It also was a devastating blow to the resource-dependent economy of the region. While the extent of natural resources impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and response (collectively, "the Spill") is not yet fully evaluated, impacts were widespread and extensive. The full spectrum of the impacts from the Spill, given its magnitude, duration, depth and complexity, will be difficult to determine. The trustees for the Spill, however, are working to assess every aspect of the injury, both to individual resources and lost recreational use of them, as well as the cumulative impacts of the Spill. Affected natural resources include ecologically, recreationally, and commercially important species and their habitats across a wide swath of the coastal areas of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, and a huge area of open water in the Gulf. When injuries to migratory species such as birds, whales, tuna and turtles are considered, the impacts of the Spill could be felt across the United States and around the globe.

The Gulf of Mexico is a priceless national treasure. Its natural resources - water, fish, beaches, reefs, marshes, oil and gas - are the economic engine of the region. The Gulf of Mexico is likewise vitally important to the entire nation as a bountiful source of food, energy and recreation. The Gulf Coast's unique culture and natural beauty are world-renowned. There is no place like it anywhere else on Earth. On April 20, 2010 the eyes of the world focused on an oil platform in the Gulf, approximately 50 miles off the Louisiana coast. The mobile drilling unit Deepwater Horizon, which was being used to drill an exploratory well for BP Exploration and Production, Inc. (BP), violently exploded, caught fire and eventually sank, tragically killing 11 workers. But that was only the beginning of the disaster. Oil and other substances from the rig and the well head immediately began flowing unabated approximately one mile below the surface. Initial efforts to cap the well were unsuccessful, and for 87 days oil spewed unabated into the Gulf. Oil eventually covered a vast area of thousands of square miles, and carried by the tides and currents reached the coast, polluting beaches, bays, estuaries and marshes from the Florida panhandle to west of the Mississippi River delta. At the height of the spill, approximately 37% of the open water in the Gulf was closed to fishing. Before the well was finally capped, an estimated 5 million barrels (210 million gallons) escaped from the well over a period of approximately 3 months. In addition, approximately 771,000 gallons of dispersants were applied to the waters of the spill area, both on the surface and at the well head one mile below. It was an environmental disaster of unprecedented proportions. It also was a devastating blow to the resource-dependent economy of the region. While the extent of natural resources impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and response (collectively, "the Spill") is not yet fully evaluated, impacts were widespread and extensive. The full spectrum of the impacts from this spill, given its magnitude, duration, depth and complexity, will be difficult to determine. The trustees for the Spill, however, are working to assess every aspect of the injury, both to individual resources and lost recreational use of them, as well as the cumulative impacts of the Spill. Affected natural resources include ecologically, recreationally, and commercially important species and their habitats across a wide swath of the coastal areas of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, and a huge area of open water in the Gulf of Mexico. When injuries to migratory species such as birds, whales, tuna and turtles are considered, the impacts of the Spill could be felt across the United States and around the globe. This ERP/EA serves as the Trustees' final selection of Phase I early restoration projects, taking into account the suite of potential projects proposed, the NRDA and Framework Agreement process, and public comment on the Draft Phase I ERP/EA. Per the Framework Agreement, the Trustees will move forward with agreements with BP to fund projects and commence implementation, as described in more detail throughout this document.

South Florida was the location of many important events during the Cold War period 1945- 1989. Indeed, the region served as a forward command center for the projection of U.S. power into the Western Hemisphere throughout the conflict. The region's proximity to Latin America made it an operational center for both covert and overt activities as the United States pursued its policy of containing communism. From the 1950s until the end of the Cold War, government officials directed operations from south Florida military installations such as Homestead Air Force Base, Opa Locka Marine Air Station, and the various U.S. Navy facilities in Key West that affected events in Guatemala, Cuba, Nicaragua, and other nations throughout Latin America. From Miami to Key West, quiet residential neighborhoods were havens for undercover operatives while the swamps and forests served as training grounds. From south Florida the United States launched numerous operations: the overthrow of the Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954; the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961; the military buildup necessitated by the Cuban missile crisis of 1962; surveillance, intelligence, and espionage activities against Cuba, Nicaragua, and other nations; and radio and television propaganda broadcasting to Cuba. All activities were justified under the U.S. foreign policy of containment. As the south Florida region helped shape these events, the events helped shape the region. In many cases, physical traces of these operations are still visible on the south Florida landscape. This Historic Resource Study (HRS) provides a historic context for, and identifies, sites in south Florida related to the Cold War and U.S. relations with Latin America. The report focuses on resources in and near the four national parks located in the region: Everglades National Park (Everglades NP), Biscayne National Park (Biscayne NP), Big Cypress National Preserve (Big Cypress NP), and Dry Tortugas National Park (Dry Tortugas NP). The study identifies structures, remains of structures, and landscapes where activities associated with the Cold War are reported to have taken place. This HRS pays particular attention to sites related to the events mentioned above as well as resources associated with the large Cuban exile population of south Florida. The historic context provides the basis for future nominations to the National Register of Historic Places.

This study is organized into five thematic chapters. Each chapter focuses on a broad Western theme. The chapters are less sequential than topical and need not be read in order of appearance, though one should begin with the overview. The themes are 1) An overview chronological description of the lives of the people and history of Faraway Ranch; 2) The Federal presence in the West; 3) Women in the American West; 4) Tourism and Guest Ranching; and 5) Ranching.

The programmatic environmental assessment (EA) to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of structure-removal activities on the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) has been completed. The evaluation encompasses all structure-removal operations (i.e., platform removals and well, pipeline, and mooring severances) under the regulatory authority of the Minerals Management Service (MMS). The EA has resulted in a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). Based on this EA, we have concluded that the structure-removal activities evaluated in the EA will not significantly affect the quality of the human environment. Preparation of an environmental impact statement is not required.

This report summarizes the history of the African Burial Ground, proposes a mission statement, identifies the site's nationally significant elements and basic resources and values, and presents for public discussion alternatives regarding the burial ground's future management.

The report considers the Allagash River as only one of the Nation's free flowing streams suitable for protection by the federal government. This report discusses recommendations as to the best overall approach to the protection and utilization of the recreation resources in the Allagash area.

Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sale: 2016 Western Planning Area Lease Sale 248 Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement

The Mojave Desert in southeastern California is a wedge-shaped region having its apex toward the west. This report deals with the western part of the desert - a part that is characterized by interior drainage and is sharply delineated by mountain ranges on both the southwest and northwest. The part mapped geologically inc1udes about 7,200 square miles between latitudes 34°34' and 35°30' N. and longitudes 117° and 119° W., or parts of Kern, Los Angeles, and San Bernardino Counties. The center of the region lies about 70 miles airline north-northeast of Los Angeles. Fieldwork was done during the spring, autumn, and winter months from 1952 to 1955 and during short intervals from 1956 to 1959. This report and map represent part of a geologic investigation by the U.S. Geological Survey of the known and potential deposits of borate minerals in the southern California desert regions. The primary purpose of this report and the geologic map is to provide a geologic background for the exploration for possible concealed borate deposits in the western Mojave Desert, based upon (1) the geology of the known deposits of these minerals within the region, (2) the areal geology of the region, and (3) the subsurface geology as determined insofar as possible from logs of exploratory test holes, mine workings, and geophysical data. Available logs of test holes so used, including those drilled for petroleum and some for water, and of borate mine shafts are summarized in tabulated form; the gravity geophysical data are published separately. The resulting geologic data are of use for many secondary purposes, such as exploration for other commodities, including petroleum and gas, and in evaluation of ground-water conditions.

The programmatic environmental assessment (EA) to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of geological and geophysical (G&G) activities in the Gulf of Mexico has been completed. The evaluation encompasses all G&G operations under the regulatory authority of the Minerals Management Service (MMS). The EA has resulted in a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI). Based on this EA, we have concluded that the G&G activities evaluated in the EA will not significantly affect the quality of the human environment. Preparation of an environmental impact statement is not required.

Rockwood Lithium, Inc. is proposing to construct, operate, and maintain the Silver Peak Area Geothermal Exploration Project within Esmeralda County, Nevada to determine subsurface temperatures, confirm the existence of geothermal resources, and confirm the existence of a commercial geothermal reservoir at the proposed well sites within federal geothermal lease N-87008. An Operations Plan for the construction, operation, and maintenance of these exploration wells was submitted to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Tonopah Field Office (TFO) in July 2011 and finalized in November 2011. Geothermal drilling permits would be submitted for the drilling of the exploration wells. Should this exploration project encounter and prove that a suitable geothermal resource is present, Rockwood would pursue development of the resource with the intent of providing electrical power for their adjacent lithium processing facilities. Given the uncertainties associated with geothermal exploration and the fact that most geothermal exploration on BLM land does not lead to the identification of geothermal resources that prove viable at a commercial scale, future development of the resource is not considered reasonably foreseeable for the purposes of compliance with the NEPA. Under the terms of the Geothermal Steam Act, its revisions of 2007, and its implementing regulations and the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Geothermal Leasing in the Western United States and its Record of Decision of December 2008, BLM must respond to the proposed plans, applications and programs submitted by a geothermal lessee. BLM's need is to comply with its Statutory and regulatory obligations to respond to the Operations Plan submitted by Rockwood to conduct geothermal exploration and either approve the plan as submitted, approve the plan with required modification, or deny the plan. The BLM's project purpose is to provide Rockwood with an approved Operations Plan for geothermal exploration on their federal geothermal lease in the Silver Peak Area of Nevada. The plan would also ensure that development of the geothermal resource would be conducted without significant impact to the environment. This project would also further the purpose of Secretarial Order 3285A1 (March 11, 2009) that establishes the development of environmentally responsible renewable energy as a priority for the Department of the Interior. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act), DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), on behalf of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy's Vehicle Technologies Program, is providing up to $2 billion in federal funding nationwide under competitively awarded agreements to facilitate the construction of U.S. manufacturing plants (including increases in production capacity at existing plants) that produce advanced batteries and electric drive components. DOE is participating with BLM in the preparation of this EA to evaluate the potential environmental consequences of providing a grant under this initiative. Pursuant to a cost-sharing agreement with the project proponent, approximately $4.47 million in DOE financial assistance would be provided under the Proposed Action. The overall purpose and need for DOE action is to accelerate the development and production of various electric drive vehicle systems, through building or increasing domestic manufacturing capacity for advanced automotive batteries, battery components, recycling facilities, and electric drive vehicle components, in addition to stimulating the U.S. economy. The selected projects are needed to reduce the U.S. petroleum consumption through investment in and deployment of alternative vehicle technologies. Rockwood's proposed project will also assist with the nation's economic recovery by creating jobs in the U.S. in accordance with the objectives of the Recovery Act.