Bøger udgivet af Foster Academics

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, which filter blood in the human body. They are responsible for maintaining proper electrolyte levels, eliminating waste and regulating fluid balance in the body. The condition wherein the kidneys cannot filter the blood properly due to an injury is called renal disease or kidney disease. Renal diseases are classified into two categories, namely, acute kidney diseases and chronic kidney diseases. Kidneys can regenerate after an incident of acute kidney disease provided injury is not severe. In circumstances where the kidneys are not capable of producing new nephrons, and incidents of acute kidney disease occurs frequently, it can lead to chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis. People who have diabetes, high blood pressure or heart disease, have a family history of kidney disease, or are over the age 60, are at a higher risk of chronic kidney disease. This book unravels the recent studies on renal diseases. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of these diseases, their pathology, diagnosis, and management.

Neurological diseases refer to a group of diseases which occur in the peripheral and central nervous system. These diseases include neuroinfections, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, etc. The causes of neurological diseases include a wide variety of factors such as viral or bacterial infections, genes, and accidents or traumatic injuries. Brain scans, laboratory screening tests and genetic testing are some of the most common screening tests used to diagnose these diseases. The prevention and treatment of neurological diseases differ depending on their severity. Several types of stem cells are used in the treatment of neurological diseases. The application of cell replacement therapy in neurologic diseases is beneficial for treating various diseases like demyelinating diseases, Parkinson's disease and Huntington disease. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge on the importance of cellular therapy for the treatment of neurological diseases. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Salmonella infection, also called salmonellosis is a common bacterial disease that causes gastrointestinal illness and fever. It is caused by salmonella bacteria. Some common signs and symptoms of salmonella infection are diarrhea, fever, vomiting, nausea, headache and abdominal cramps. Contaminated food and water, improperly handled food, infected surfaces, infected pets or other infected animals can cause salmonellosis. There are several complications associated with salmonella infection such as dehydration, bacteremia, and reactive arthritis. The transfer of salmonella bacteria can be prevented by adopting certain lifestyle changes such as washing hands regularly, cooking and storing food properly, and avoiding consumption of raw eggs. The presence of salmonella bacteria can be diagnosed through a stool sample test and blood test. Treatment of dehydration caused by salmonella infection is based on replacing lost fluids and electrolytes by minerals that balance the amount of water in the body. Medications such as anti-diarrheals and antibiotics are also used to relieve the symptoms of infection. This book outlines the molecular and clinical aspects of salmonella infection in detail. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to medical students and researchers.

Viral replication refers to the creation of biological viruses in the target host cells during an infection. Viruses should first enter the cell before viral replication could take place. The virus continuously infects new hosts by producing numerous copies of its genome and packaging these copies. The replication of viruses varies significantly and is determined by the type of genes involved. Majority of DNA viruses accumulate in the nucleus whereas majority of RNA viruses grow only in the cytoplasm. Viruses can only replicate in living cells. The host cell must supply the synthetic machinery, energy and low-molecular-weight precursors, which are required for the synthesis of nucleic acids and viral proteins. The nucleic acid polymerases are behind the replication of genome of viruses and they are also involved in producing genetic variety, which is necessary for evading the host's defenses. Polymerases and other replication machinery components could be used as anti-viral targets. This book explores all the important aspects of viral replication in the present day scenario. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are a class of proteins that do not fold into a specific three-dimensional structure, which is a characteristic of proteins. The structural flexibility of IDPs range from fully structured to partially structured, which enables them to complement ordered proteins in order to perform functions that cannot be performed by rigid structures. Several factors such as pH and temperature can affect the shape and level of disorder in proteins. IDPs have been associated with various diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The accumulation of an IDP called α-synuclein plays a pathophysiological role in Parkinson's disease (PD). The structural flexibility of the unstructured α-synuclein protein and associated disease mechanisms is affected by several factors such as genetics, oxidative stress, nitrative stress, and mitochondrial impairment. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of intrinsically disordered proteins and the recent researches on them. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for the graduate and postgraduate students.

The manner in which people express and experience sexual attraction and emotions is known as sexuality. Mental health related illnesses generally manifest symptoms that affect sexual life, such as impaired desire, arousal or sexual satisfaction. Psychiatric disorders intensely influence and impact compliance, quality of life, and human relationships. Some psychiatric disorders that can deteriorate sexuality are depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and psychosis. A prominent cause of sexual dysfunction is the use of psychotropic medications. Some of the psychotropic compounds that could lead to sexual dysfunction are antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood regulators. In recent years, there have been various research advancements in the field of sexuality and mental health. There is a need to understand new emerging pathologies of sexuality. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of mental health and sexuality. With its detailed analyses and data, it will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area of study at various levels.

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are produced naturally by certain types of molds such as fungi. These molds can grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples and coffee beans, often under warm and humid conditions. These toxins can cause adverse health effects that can range from acute poisoning to long-term effects such as immune deficiency and cancer. There are various types of mycotoxins such as Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Patulin, and Fusarium fungi. Some negative effects of mycotoxins on intestinal health are decreased intestinal cell viability, reductions in short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and elimination of beneficial bacteria. It also leads to an increased expression of genes involved in promoting inflammation and counteracting oxidative stress. The health risks of mycotoxins can be reduced by taking effective measures such as proper storage, inspection of whole grains, avoidance of foods kept for extended periods of time before being used, and consuming a balanced diet. This book traces the effects of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract. Those with an interest in these toxic compounds would find it helpful.

Schistosomiasis refers to a group of chronic or acute diseases caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes. It is known by various names such as bilharzia, bilharziasis, snail fever or Katayama fever. The three major types of schistosomiasis are Japonica schistosomiasis, Manson's or intestinal schistosomiasis, and vesical or urinary schistosomiasis. Some common symptoms of acute schistosomiasis are abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool, or blood in the urine. Liver damage, kidney failure, infertility and bladder cancer are certain complications associated with chronic schistosomiasis. The diagnosis of this disease is performed through microscopic examination of stool or urine samples for parasite eggs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, circumoval precipitation test, and alkaline phosphatase immunoassay are some other diagnostic methods that can be used to determine schistosomiasis. Imaging techniques such as X-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are employed to investigate the severity of schistosomiasis and damage to infected organs. Its treatment involves medications such as praziquantel and oxamniquine. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to schistosomiasis. It is appropriate for medical students and researchers seeking detailed information on this parasitic disease.

Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fat, oil, wax and hormones. Lipids serve many different functions in the human body such as helping in signal transduction, contributing to the structural integrity of cellular membranes, and regulating the energy metabolism. The process of lipid metabolism involves biosynthesis and lipid degradation. Biosynthesis is a metabolic process that involves the conversion of excess carbohydrate and protein into fatty acids and triglycerides. Beta-oxidation is a metabolic degradation process that is involved in the breakdown of fatty acid molecules in the mitochondria or in peroxisomes to generate acetyl-CoA. There are some positive health benefits associated with the consumption of fatty acids. However, there are some risk factors such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity related to the total dietary intake of fats and other lipids. This book addresses the role of lipids in human function and health. Its extensive content provides the medical students and researchers interested in studying lipids with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to conditions that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract. There are two common types of IBD, which include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is a type of IBD that involves inflammation and sores along the superficial lining of the large intestine and rectum. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract but commonly affects the small intestine and upper part of the large intestine. Some common symptoms of IBD are persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, fatigue, reduced appetite, and unintended weight loss. Patients suffering from IBD are at the risk of malnutrition, and developing deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid and several other macronutrients. Nutrition plays an important role in managing IBD. The Crohn's disease exclusion diet (CDED) can serve as an effective means to reduce possible nutrient deficiencies and improve dysbiosis. CDED consists of a reduced intake of animal and saturated fat, gluten-containing grains, and emulsifiers; and an increase in intake of fruits, vegetables, and resistant starch. This book outlines the role of nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It aims to serve as a resource guide for medical students and professionals.

Fiber is made up of the indigestible parts or compounds of plants that remain unchanged when they pass through the stomach and intestines in the human digestive system. There are two types of fiber, namely, soluble fiber and insoluble fiber. Wholegrain cereals, fruits, and vegetables are considered as a good source of dietary fiber. It is crucial for keeping the gut healthy and reducing the risk of chronic health conditions. There are several benefits of a high-fiber diet. It normalizes the bowel movements by softening and increasing the weight and size of the stool. Soluble fibers present in beans, oats and flaxseeds can help reduce cholesterol levels. In diabetic patients, soluble fiber can slow the absorption of sugar and help in the regulation of blood sugar levels. Consumption of dietary fiber is beneficial in gastrointestinal disorders such as colorectal ulcer, hiatal hernias, gastroesophageal reflux disease, diverticular disease, and hemorrhoids. This book unravels the recent studies related to dietary fiber and its nutritional importance for human health. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to medical students and researchers engaged in this area of study.

Nutrients are the substances essential for survival, growth and reproduction of organisms, including animals, plants, fungi and protists. They are divided into two broad categories namely, macronutrients and micronutrients. There are several nutrients such as amino acids, oligosaccharides, and short-chain fatty acids, which exhibit inhibitory and anti-inflammatory functions. Inflammatory diseases are a set of conditions that are characterized by inflammation. Some major inflammatory diseases are allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, celiac disease, glomerulonephritis and hepatitis. Infectious diseases refer to a group of diseases that are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, virus, fungi, or parasites. An inadequate amount of nutrient intake is associated with several infectious and inflammatory diseases as a cause or consequence. Nutritional deficiency can lead to inflammatory complications and loss of functions. This book outlines the role of nutrition in preventing, treating and controlling different types of inflammatory and infectious diseases. For all these who are interested in examining the role of nutrition in the management of inflammatory and infectious diseases, the studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

The cells of the body generate free radicals throughout the metabolic processes. These cells also generate antioxidants, which neutralize the free radicals. Generally, the body is capable of balancing free radicals and antioxidants. Oxidative stress refers to a condition characterized by an imbalance of antioxidants and free radicals in the body that can cause tissue and cell damage. It occurs naturally and contributes to the process of aging. Long-term oxidative stress plays a role in the development of a variety of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Various factors that increase the risk of oxidative stress include obesity, alcohol consumption, pollution, diets having high components of sugar and fat, and consumption of processed foods. Some dietary and lifestyle changes may aid in the reduction of oxidative stress. It requires consumption of a well-balanced nutritious diet that is rich in vegetables and fruits, maintaining a healthy body weight, and exercising regularly. This book explores all the important aspects related to the impact of oxidative stress on human health. It is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to study this topic further.

Medical imaging refers to several different technologies that are used to view inside the human body in order to diagnose, monitor or treat medical conditions. Endoscopy, tactile imaging and computerized tomography (CT) scan are some common types of medical imaging procedures. In recent years, deep learning or deep structured imaging has found applications in the field of medical image analysis. Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) and is used for various purposes such as computer-aided detection/diagnosis, disease prediction, image segmentation, image generation, etc. AI tools are used to accelerate productivity and potentially improve accuracy in the process of medical imaging. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of deep learning and medical imaging. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for medical students, radiologists, and industry researchers engaged in medical imaging research.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a rare subset of cells identified in the blood of patients having solid tumor. It serves as a seed for metastases. Cancer cells generally metastasize in two ways in the bloodstream, through single migratory CTCs or multicellular groupings. They imitate tumor properties and sustain tumor heterogeneity. They are also potentially useful as preclinical models, clinical biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Furthermore, they have a potential clinical use as a component of liquid biopsy, where they can be used for early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, disease monitoring, molecular phenotyping and assessing therapy response. CTCs are also suitable for developing preclinical models, particularly 3D organoid cultures that might be used in tumor immunity, disease modelling, organoid biobanks, drug screening and genome editing. This book explores the status of current research on circulating tumor cells. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles which are released naturally from nearly all types of cells but cannot replicate like cells. There are three types of EVs that are categorized on the basis of their size and synthesis route. These include apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and microvesicles. They transport a cargo of lipids, proteins, metabolites, nucleic acids and even parent cell organelles. The communication mechanism among cells relies heavily on EVs. They are also capable of carrying disease biomarkers, including CD24, glypican-1, CD63, and colon cancer-associated transcript 2 (CCAT2). Current research around EVs focuses on their role in various diseases and conditions such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and intercellular communication. Owing to their cargo delivery potential, EVs may be used as drug delivery platforms for cancer therapy. Furthermore, engineered EVs may find application in cancer combination therapy. This book explores the new frontiers in the study of extracellular vesicles. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on extracellular vesicles, as well as for experts.

Polyester refers to a category of synthetic polymers built up from several chemical repeating units connected together by ester (CO-O) groups. They include both naturally occurring chemicals like those found in insects and plants, and synthetic chemicals like polybutyrate. Polyesters exhibit a diverse range of properties and useful applications. They are used as building blocks in drug delivery vehicles due to their properties of biodegradability and biocompatibility. Poly(caprolactones) (PCL), poly(dioxanone)s (PDO), poly(valerolactone)s (PVL), poly(lactide)s (PLA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly(butyrolactone)s (PBL) and poly(glycolide)s (PGA) are some common polyesters utilized in drug delivery applications. The usage of polyester drug delivery systems may enhance bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties, enable local administration, and prevent medication deactivation. This book elucidates prospective developments with respect to polyester drug delivery systems. Scientists and students actively engaged in the study of these drug delivery systems will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Mitochondria are double-membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. They build cable-like structures and deliver energy to cells with the help of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process. Aging causes a wide range of interrelated conditions and is also a leading cause of various human diseases. The age-associated changes in mitochondria are linked with deterioration in mitochondrial function. The accumulation of oxidative damage and mutations caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial functionality, and DNA volume and integrity decline with age. Mitochondrial dysfunction includes an increase in oxidative damage and a reduction in oxidative capacity, and plays a significant role in biological aging. The accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria occurs in all the tissues with aging, including brain, liver and skeletal muscle. These dysfunctional mitochondria are marked and removed through an autophagic process named mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This book explores all the important aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction and its impact on aging and diseases. Experts and students actively engaged in researches on mitochondrial dysfunction will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

A biofilm includes any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other as well as to a surface. The microorganisms in a biofilm can demonstrate notable organization and can collaborate, communicate, and coordinate with one another. Biofilms can form on various surfaces in natural, industrial and hospital environments. The biofilms challenge the theory that bacteria are single-celled organisms, or which act in isolation instead of working together as a group of cooperating cells to improve their own fitness and the biofilm's efficiency. The biofilm bacteria may share nutrients and are protected from the damaging effects of environmental factors such as antibiotics, desiccation, and the immune system of the host body. A biofilm is generally formed as soon as a free-swimming bacterium attaches to a surface. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about biofilm science and technology. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Tumor cells have a remarkable ability to survive in harsh circumstances, resist treatment and evade regulatory mechanisms like apoptosis and therapy. They alter their metabolism in order to sustain metastatic progression and uncontrolled growth. Functional and phenotypic heterogeneity in tumor cells gives them metastatic potential, aggressiveness and the capability to resist treatment. This heterogeneity is governed by a range of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli involving the ones from the tumor microenvironment. Various tumor cells can exhibit heterogeneous phenotypic and morphological profiles comprising gene expression, metastatic potential, metabolism, proliferation, cellular morphology and motility. It have been detected in many types of cancer including breast cancer, head and neck cancer, gynecological carcinoma, multiple myeloma, leukemia, prostate cancer, colon cancer, bladder, brain cancer and liposarcoma. This book contains some path-breaking studies on tumor heterogeneity. It strives to provide a fair idea about tumor heterogeneity and to help develop a better understanding of the diagnostics and therapeutic management of tumors. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this area of study.

The advancements in the field of engineering are applied in a wide variety of fields. One such field is surgery, where engineering innovations are used for improving patient outcomes and care. Research in this field is generally carried out within the interdisciplinary field of biomedical engineering. It involves advancements in different domains of healthcare such as diagnosis, monitoring and therapy. Some of the major advancements in this field are laparoscopic surgery and robot-assisted-surgery. Laparoscopic surgery is conducted through one or more small incisions, using small tubes, cameras and surgical instruments. Robotic surgery presents a three dimensional and magnified view to the surgeon, providing increased control and precision. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the application of engineering in the field of surgery. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Surgery refers to a branch of medicine that deals with the manual and mechanical treatment of wounds, illnesses and other disorders. Several techniques can be utilized depending on the type of surgery. The two most common types of surgical techniques include minimally invasive surgery and open surgery. There are several challenges associated with surgery such as bleeding problems during surgery, death due to surgery, difficulty breathing after surgery, injury during surgery, bruising and swelling after surgery, anesthesia complications during surgery, etc. There are various subspecialties of surgery such as breast surgery, craniofacial surgery, podiatric surgery, genitourinary surgery, endocrine surgery and dental surgery. This book aims to shed light on the issues, challenges and clinical perspectives in surgery. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Natural products play an important role in pharmacotherapy, particularly in the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. These products originate from fungi, animals and plants. These products, which include oils, fruits, nuts, whole grains and vegetables, contain modest levels of bioactive compounds, which have therapeutic potential and health-promoting properties. Major categories of bioactive compounds comprise tannins, lycopene, lignin, indoles, resveratrol, and alkaloids. Extensive researches have been conducted for exploring the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds in heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Various natural bioactive compounds are fast catching are being researched for their anti-cancer properties. They have been found to have a chemopreventive effect by altering pro-inflammatory gene expression. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of bioactive compounds and their use in the treatment and management of cancer. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Signal processing is a subfield of electrical engineering involved in analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals such as sound, images and scientific measurements. The techniques of signal processing are used to improve transmission, storage efficiency, and subjective quality. They can also emphasize or detect components of interest in a measured signal. There are various categories of signal processing such as analog, continuous time, digital, discrete time, non-linear and statistical signal processing. Analog signal processing refers to the signal processing which is conducted on continuous analog signals through analog means. The techniques which are used to improve the accuracy and quality of digital communication is known as digital signal processing. Some of the prominent applications of signal processing are economic modeling and analysis, weather forecasting, oceanography, medical imagery (such as CAT and MRI), oil explorations, seismic studies, and data analysis. The objective of this book is to give a general view of signal processing with an emphasis on advanced techniques. It is an essential guide for both students and professionals.

Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by the scarring, overgrowth and hardening of different tissues of the liver and is caused by an excess buildup of extracellular matrix components such as collagen. It is the result of repeated wound-healing response of the liver to repeated injuries. It can be caused due to chronic liver diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Cystic fibrosis refers to a type of inherited disease characterized by the accumulation of thick and sticky mucus that can harm many organs of the body. CF may lead to hepatic fibrosis, by causing mucus build up and blockage of the bile ducts in the liver. Scar tissues from fibrosis cannot repair themselves and also block the flow of blood within the liver, which leads to gradual death of even the healthy liver cells. This process leads to the creation of even more scar tissues. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge on the mechanisms and therapies of hepatic fibrosis. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Hearing loss refers to the partial or total loss of hearing in one or both ears, which can range from mild to profound. It is a common issue caused by illness, noise, heredity and aging. Mixed hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and conductive hearing loss are the three basic types of hearing loss. There are various signs and symptoms of hearing loss including trouble understanding speech in the presence of background noise, loss of sound localization and difficulty using the telephone. The type and severity of hearing loss can be diagnosed accurately using a number of tests including auditory brainstem response (ABR), acoustic immittance and bone conduction. Some of the common treatments for hearing loss are hearing rehabilitation, medications, hearing assist devices, surgery and listening devices. This book is a valuable compilation of topics on the mechanisms, assessment and treatment of hearing loss. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Obesity is a term used to describe a condition wherein a person's body has an excessive percentage of fat. Metabolic surgery is an effective and long-term treatment for managing the cases of morbid obesity. It leads to significant weight loss and helps improve, resolve or prevent a variety of related diseases such as hypertension, type-2 diabetes, sleep apnea, heart disease and some types of cancers. Metabolic surgery is highly effective in achieving significant and durable weight loss at a low perioperative risk when proper patient selection and long-term follow-up are ensured. It is also a potentially effective treatment option for type-2 diabetes patients who are obese. Metabolic surgery, also called bariatric surgery, involves making surgical changes in the organs of the digestive system in order to improve the health of the patient. Common surgical processes involved in metabolic surgery include sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass, bilio-pancreatic diversion, gastric band and duodenal switch. Within days to weeks after metabolic surgery, diabetes condition of the patient begins to improve. However, weight loss happens gradually. This book presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe with respect to obesity and metabolic surgery. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Graves' disease refers to a disorder affecting the immune system which leads to the overproduction of thyroid hormones. Graves' ophthalmopathy, also called Graves' orbitopathy, is an autoimmune disease affecting the retro-ocular tissues in patients having Graves' disease. It is primarily the disease of the orbit and can have severe implications, such as loss of sight. It causes swelling in the area around the eyes, which causes bulging of the eyes. The symptoms of Graves' ophthalmopathy include double vision, bulging eyes, swelling in the eyelids, vision loss, sensitivity to light, redness or inflammation, and difficulty in moving eyes. This disease results in increased extraocular muscle volume and orbital fat in the orbital space. The targets of autoimmune attack within Graves' ophthalmopathy are the fibroblasts residing in the orbital tissues. Radiation, immunosuppression and surgical procedures, like orbital decompression surgery, eye muscle surgery and eyelid surgery are utilized to treat severe forms of this disease. This book contains some path-breaking studies on Graves' Ophthalmopathy. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the study of this disease. The book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Nursing is a profession in the healthcare sector that is focused on the attainment and recovery of the quality of life and optimal health of individuals, families and communities. Some of the responsibilities of a nurse are developing a plan of care, collaborating with physicians, patients, therapists and the patients' family, assisting in activities of daily living, administering medications and educating patients. It is a diverse healthcare profession and plays a crucial role in neonatal care, mental health, women's health, pediatrics, adult-gerontology, etc. Depending on the specialization areas, nursing can be categorized as orthopedic nursing, palliative care, cardiac nursing, obstetrical nursing, perioperative nursing, etc. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the field of nursing and aided its advancement. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included in this book. Those with an interest in this field would find this book helpful.

Spondyloarthritis refers to a group of inflammatory diseases affecting the joints and enthuses. Ankylosing spondylitis is the most common of these disorders. Other disorders include psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis and enteropathic arthritis. Spondyloarthritis can cause tiredness, back pain, osteoporosis, psoriasis skin rash, pain or swelling in the hips, ankles, feet, knees, wrists, etc. The diagnosis of spondyloarthritis is based primarily on physical examination and medical history. An X-ray of the sacroiliac joints or an MRI may also be suggested. Pain and inflammation occurring in spondyloarthritis can be addressed with NSAIDs, while corticosteroids can be injected directly into a joint or membrane to reduce joint swelling. In cases where these drugs are insufficient to manage the symptoms, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs may be prescribed to prevent joint damage and relieve symptoms. This book covers in detail the new frontiers in clinical management of spondyloarthritis. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on spondyloarthritis have been included herein. This book is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts on orthopedics and inflammatory diseases.