Bøger udgivet af Springer Verlag, Japan

This book both summarizes the basic theory of evolutionary games and explains their developing applications, giving special attention to the 2-player, 2-strategy game. Applying the framework of evolutionary games to realistic traffic flows, the book reveals that social dilemma structures lie behind traffic flow.

PART I Chapter 1 Approach For Ecological Landscape And Urban Biodiversity.- Chapter 2 Diversity And Design On A Former Freight Rail-Yard.- Chapter 3 Biodiversity In The Day To Day Practice Of The Landscape Architect.- Chapter 4 Edible Landscapes: Relocalising Food And Bringing Nature Into North London.- Chapter 5 Landscape Design For Nature Restoration And In Urban Areas In Japan -Planning Process Of Designing A River Bank Fishway And Surroundings-.- PART II Chapter 6 Nature In The Cities - Places For Play And Learning.- Chapter 7 Greening School Grounds: Schools'' Role In A Biodiversity Process.- Chapter 8 Nature Environment And Management For Children''S Play And Learning In Kindergarten In Urban Forest, Kyoto, Japan.- Chapter 9 Ecological Evaluation Of Landscape Components Of The Tokushima Central Park Through Red-Clawed Crab (Chiromantes Haematocheir).- Chapter 10 Developing Urban Green Spaces And Effective Use Of Rooftop Spaces For Cooling And Urban Biodiversity.- PART III Chapter 11 Addressing Climate Change And Biodiversity Loss From An Urban Perspective: Linking Climate Co-Benefits And Urban Ecosystem Services In Sao Paulo City, Brazil.- Chapter 12 Evaluation Of Habitat Functions Of Fragmented Urban Forests For Wildlife  ~ The Case Of Kitakyushu City.- Chapter 13 The Effects And Functions Of Spatial And Structural Characteristics Of Shrine Forests As Urban Green Space.- Chapter 14 Green Infrastructure As A Planning Response To Urban Warming A Case Study Of Taipei Metropolis.- Chapter 15 Green Infrastructure Planning For Asian Cities: The Planning Strategies, Guidelines, And Recommendations.

This book explores minimum divergence methods of statistical machine learning for estimation, regression, prediction, and so forth, in which we engage in information geometry to elucidate their intrinsic properties of the corresponding loss functions, learning algorithms, and statistical models. One of the most elementary examples is Gauss's least squares estimator in a linear regression model, in which the estimator is given by minimization of the sum of squares between a response vector and a vector of the linear subspace hulled by explanatory vectors. This is extended to Fisher's maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for an exponential model, in which the estimator is provided by minimization of the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between a data distribution and a parametric distribution of the exponential model in an empirical analogue. Thus, we envisage a geometric interpretation of such minimization procedures such that a right triangle is kept with Pythagorean identity in the sense of the KL divergence. This understanding sublimates a dualistic interplay between a statistical estimation and model, which requires dual geodesic paths, called m-geodesic and e-geodesic paths, in a framework of information geometry. We extend such a dualistic structure of the MLE and exponential model to that of the minimum divergence estimator and the maximum entropy model, which is applied to robust statistics, maximum entropy, density estimation, principal component analysis, independent component analysis, regression analysis, manifold learning, boosting algorithm, clustering, dynamic treatment regimes, and so forth. We consider a variety of information divergence measures typically including KL divergence to express departure from one probability distribution to another. An information divergence is decomposed into the cross-entropy and the (diagonal) entropy in which the entropy associates with a generative model as a family of maximum entropy distributions; the cross entropy associates with a statistical estimation method via minimization of the empirical analogue based on given data. Thus any statistical divergence includes an intrinsic object between the generative model and the estimation method. Typically, KL divergence leads to the exponential model and the maximum likelihood estimation. It is shown that any information divergence leads to a Riemannian metric and a pair of the linear connections in the framework of information geometry. We focus on a class of information divergence generated by an increasing and convex function U, called U-divergence. It is shown that any generator function U generates the U-entropy and U-divergence, in which there is a dualistic structure between the U-divergence method and the maximum U-entropy model. We observe that a specific choice of U leads to a robust statistical procedure via the minimum U-divergence method. If U is selected as an exponential function, then the corresponding U-entropy and U-divergence are reduced to the Boltzmann-Shanon entropy and the KL divergence; the minimum U-divergence estimator is equivalent to the MLE. For robust supervised learning to predict a class label we observe that the U-boosting algorithm performs well for contamination of mislabel examples if U is appropriately selected. We present such maximal U-entropy and minimum U-divergence methods, in particular, selecting a power function as U to provide flexible performance in statistical machine

This two-volume set provides a general overview of the evolution of the human genome; The first volume overviews the human genome with descriptions of important gene groups. This second volume provides up-to-date, concise yet ample knowledge on the genome evolution of modern humans. It comprises twelve chapters divided into two parts discussing ¿Non-neutral Evolution on Human Genes¿ (Part I) and ¿Evolution of Modern Human Populations¿ (Part II.)The most significant feature of this book is the continent-wise discussion of modern human dispersal using human genomic data in Part II. Recent results such as introgression of paleogenomes to modern humans, new methods such as computer simulation of global human dispersals, and new information on genes for humanness will be of particular interest to the readers. Since the euchromatin regions of the human genome was sequenced in 2003, a huge number of research papers were published on modern human evolution for a variety ofpopulations. It is now time to summarize these achievements.This book stands out as the most comprehensive book on the modern human evolution, focusing on genomic points of view with a broad scope. Primary target audiences are researchers and graduate students in evolutionary biology.

Difficulty in rhinoplasty takes two forms: the aesthetic and the technical. Rhinoplasty surgeons need a sense of beauty to design the target shape, but the shape must comply with the patient's often problematic demands. The only appropriate approach is to suggest two or three shapes that suit the patient's appearance and expectations, and ask the patient to choose between them. The technical difficulty, on the other hand, lies in assessing the anatomical character of the problem and selecting the procedure that will achieve the desired shape. This textbook will help readers to make accurate diagnoses, simulate the target shape employing generally used retouch software, suggest to patients different target shapes, and learn how to choose the best procedure to produce the selected target shape. It will assist in the performance of rhinoplasties which take into account the individual patient's requirements and achieve aesthetic results that guarantee patient satisfaction.

Comprehensively covering various techniques such as ERCP, EUS, EST and lithotripsy, this book highlights innovative endoscopic surgical techniques for managing pancreatico-biliary. It will provide readers an extensive overview of the therapeutic endoscopy management solutions and techniques currently available.Advanced Therapeutic Endoscopy for Pancreatico-Biliary Diseases was written by pioneering experts from around the world, providing a concise yet comprehensive summary of the current state of therapeutic endoscopic techniques in a step-by-step format. Each chapter examines both major and subtle yet important techniques, together with new findings, an approach that will appeal to a broad readership, from beginning to advanced endoscopists and surgeons with a background in gastroenterology, particularly those specializing in endoscopy of pancreatico-biliary diseases to help guide patient management.

The author introduces conservation science and management of cultural heritages in museums.

This book tackles the challenging issues raised by the growth of large megacities from diverse perspectives and approaches. The central question raised by the growth of megacities is what effect their growth will have on the ability of the global population to live in sustainable, livable, and safe societies. In Part I, important issues on the relationships between megacities and sustainability of the global environment are specified. Part II shows what can be learned from the history and diversity of megacities to solve challenging issues of the present. We present practical approaches that can solve the issues of megacities particularly focusing on human activities that seek the more harmonious relationship between life amenities and the natural environment: population density and urban built environment; production and trade; and environmental education and enlightenment. Part III aims to answer the question, what aspects of megacities should be measured and assessed? Barometers are necessary to control human activities in megacities. We consider how to measure and assess performances of megacities, reviewing some cases of indicators that authors have developed. This publication highlights the challenging issues of the relationships between megacities and sustainability of the global environment and related issues that have accrued from them, based on the following three scales: long-term time scale from the past to the present and future; a vast spatial scale that links global space with local spaces; and the scale of various aspects of human socio-economic activities in megacities.

Target fields include materials chemistry, organic chemistry, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, and even biotechnology.

This is the first book that comprehensively analyses co-patenting in Japan and the U.S., which directly signifies collaborations between firms and inventors, using the methodology of network science.

Topics on protein hydration from the past 25 years are examined, most of which involve crystallography, fluorescence measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations.In X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations, recent advances have accelerated the study of hydration structures over the entire surface of proteins.

Methods introduced in the book help to improve device performance and to solve the problems of controlling the voltage and efficiency of devices in a great variety of applications, including electronic devices, optical devices such as displays, and energy devices such as solar cells and batteries.

This book introduces the synthesis, electrochemical and photochemical properties, and device applications of metallo-supramolecular polymers, new kinds of polymers synthesized by the complexation of metal ions and organic ditopic ligands.

This book integrates the concept of design into the existing framework of industrial performance, international trade and comparative advantage in trade and industrial phenomena, which increasingly have been affected by design characteristics of tradable goods.

This open access book presents a comprehensive analysis of biofuel use strategies from an interdisciplinary perspective using sustainability science.

In agent-based modeling the focus is very much on agent-based simulation, as simulation is a very important tool for agent-based modeling. We also compare agent-based simulation with gaming simulation and investigate the epistemological foundation of agent-based modeling.

In this thesis, the author investigates hidden-order phase transition at T0 = 17.5 K in the heavy-fermion URu2Si2. The translationally invariant phase with broken rotational symmetry is interpreted as meaning that the hidden-order phase is an electronic "nematic" phase.

This book presents the "New Vision 2050," which adds the concept of the "platinum society" to the "Vision 2050". The 20th century was a century in which energy led the development of material civilization, resulting in deletion of resources, global warming and climate change.

This book describes how biologically available free energy sources (ATP, chemical potential, and membrane potentials, among others) can be used to drive synthetic reactions, signaling in cells, and various types of motion such as membrane traffic, active transport, and cell locomotion.

In this book, the author describes the development of the experimental diffraction setup and structural analysis of non-crystalline particles from material science and biology.

This book is a self-contained account of the method based on Carleman estimates for inverse problems of determining spatially varying functions of differential equations of the hyperbolic type by non-overdetermining data of solutions.

The author has developed photon-materials systems to open the way for novel photoexcitation processes based on the findings obtained from in-situ observation of the systems in which localized surface plasmon (LSP) and molecules interact strongly.

The first part of the research demonstrated that SELEX is appropriate for discovering the interaction between small RNA and ligands, and suggested that more RNA motif binding to small molecules exists in small RNAs.

This book focuses on theoretical aspects of the affine projection algorithm (APA) for adaptive filtering.

This book focuses on the systems biomechanics of bone remodeling that provide a multiscale platform for bone adaptation, spanning the cellular, tissue, and organ levels. The mathematical model explained in each section provides concrete examples of in silico approaches for bone adaptation.