Bøger udgivet af World Health Organization

"This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, which met in Lyon, 24-31 May 2011."

Avoiding overweight and obesity is the best-established diet-related risk factor for cancer. The proportion of people who are overweight/obese is increasing, and the amount of physical activity is decreasing in most populations, including urban populations in many developing countries. The increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity is presumably due to the increasing availability of highly palatable, high-energy foods, and an increasing sedentary lifestyle due to mechanisation of both workplace and leisure activities. Overweight/obesity and reduced physical activity increases the risk of cancers in various organs. Maintaining a healthy body weight and regular physical activity is the second most important way to prevent cancer, after tobacco control.The suggestions of possible public health actions to tackle these risk factors include the promotion of balanced diets, which are not excessive in energy, and broad education and planning to enable and encourage physical activity during work and leisure. Recommendations and a full discussion of these topics are included in the sixth volume in this series of Handbooks.

The monographs in this volume summarize the safety data on 10 pesticides that could leave residues in food commodities. These pesticides are aminocyclopyrachlor, cyflumetofen, dichlobenil, flufenoxuron, imazamox, mesotrione, metrafenone, myclobutanil, pymetrozine and triforine. The data summarized in the toxicological monographs served as the basis for the acceptable daily intakes and acute reference doses that were established by the Meeting.This volume and previous volumes of JMPR toxicological evaluations, many of which were published in the FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper series, contain information that is useful to companies that produce pesticides, government regulatory officers, industrial testing laboratories, toxicological laboratories and universities.

As a new member of WHO Family of International Classifications ICF describes how people live with their health condition. ICF is a classification of health and health related domains that describe body functions and structures activities and participati

A state-of-the-art review of research findings that contribute to an understanding of hypertension and the best measures for its prevention and control, whether in individual patients or entire populations. Noting that elevated blood pressure is a massive health problem in almost every country, the report argues that programs for hypertension control should be an integral part of all national health care systems. With this goal in mind, the report aims to help policy makers appreciate the significance and complexities of hypertension, understand the options available for control and then select the most appropriate mix of interventions. Details range from recommended procedures for obtaining an accurate assessment of blood pressure through advice on the best drugs for first-line treatment of hypertensive patients to a discussion of ways to educate populations about relevant lifestyle changes Throughout the report, population-based and individual approaches are presented as complementary, synergistic strategies for hypertension control. To assist physicians as well as policy makers, the report includes abundant recommendations based on the best scientific evidence for the management of different patient groups. A section on the clinical assessment of the hypertensive patient explains the components of a coherent step-wise diagnostic process involving history taking physical examination and laboratory investigation. Included are an assessment of the most suitable drugs for first-line treatment and guidelines for developing management plans for mild hypertension, moderate and severe hypertension, resistant hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. In view of the need to assure that scarce resources are invested wisely, the report also discusses and compares the cost-effectiveness of different management strategies.

A didactic guide to all health-related measures needed to prepare for natural disasters, reduce their immediate impact, and facilitate recovery. Noting that all natural disasters share several features, the book aims to provide a framework that administrators can rely on when planning and managing the health sector's response. Details range from a list of eight misconceptions that may cause authorities to take inappropriate action, through a discussion of the sensitive issues surrounding inappropriate drug and food donations, to a distinction between responsibilities best handled by the affected country and those requiring international aid. Throughout the book, recent experiences from the Americas are used to illustrate both the impact of specific types of disaster and opportunities for mitigating their effects.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer has a long experience in the compilation and analysis of data on the incidence of cancer in different parts of the world. This activity has been extended by the publication of the present volume, which brings together information on the incidence of cancer in children from over fifty countries. It represents the most extensive collection of such data ever published. The data are presented in a readily accessible format for making useful comparisons. A special classification system is employed, based upon the cellular origin of the tumors. This is more relevant than the traditional classification by anatomical site, since it is generally acknowledged that genetic susceptibility of particular cell types plays a more important role in the etiology of childhood cancers than in adults. The geographic and ethnic variations in the risk of different cancers are an invaluable resource for workers interested in formulating and confirming hypotheses concerning the causes of childhood cancer.

The etiology and prevention of common human cancers are the subjects of the reviews and previously unpublished research presented in this volume arising from a multidisciplinary symposium on n-nitroso compounds, tobacco and mycotoxins. Although tobacco smoking and chewing have long been established as risk factors, the possible role of nitroso compounds has inspired extensive research. The 110 papers on these three classes of carcinogenic agents cover epidemiological updates, exposures and biological monitoring, exposure prevention and dietary anti-carcinogens, and biological mechanisms and effects. The volume includes many studies of these issues from the People's Republic of China. The relevance of this work is highlighted by the fact that the cancer sites causally or putatively associated with these exposures (liver, respiratory and alimentary tracts) are those at highest risk in developed and developing nations.

The WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) is a unique practical instrument, based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), that can be used to measure general health and disability levels, including mental and neurological disorders, both at the population level or in clinical practice, in a wide range of cultural settings. Presented in this book is a detailed overview of how the schedule was developed and validated, together with a description of its key features and applications. The questionnaires that form the basis of WHODAS 2.0 are available in three versions (36 item, 12 item, and 12 + 24 item), which are reproduced in the book, accompanied by detailed practical guidelines on how to use them effectively.

This book reviews the use of markers for exposure to cancer-causing or protective agents, for early signs of cancer and for individual susceptibility to cancer, in relation to chemoprevention.

WHO Reporting System for Pancreaticobiliary Cytopathology is Volume 2 of this new series of reporting systems for cytopathology, which is a joint project of the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO). The series includes a unique synthesis of the published evidence and the practice of cytopathology, and it is linked to the WHO Classification of Tumours series, now in its 5th edition. Cytopathologists look at tumours slightly differently than other specialists do, and there is a need for specialized reporting systems based on the key diagnostic cytopathological features of tumours, presented in standardized reports, within a hierarchical system of diagnostic categories. These categories must also be linked to diagnostic management recommendations to improve communication with clinicians and support patient care. And it is essential that these reporting systems be truly international, to serve the needs of patients worldwide in many differently medically resourced settings. These volumes are an essential tool for standardizing diagnostic cytopathology practice worldwide and will serve as a vehicle for the translation of cytopathology research into practice. The key diagnostic cytopathological features are listed for each tumour type under a defined set of diagnostic categories and described in precise, uniform language. These diagnostic criteria represent the first international consensus and are underpinned by evidence that has been evaluated and debated by experts in the field. Each lesion-specific section includes a dedicated subsection discussing the differential diagnosis of the cytopathological features that can be usedthroughout the world, including in low-resource settings, followed by a subsection describing the current best-practice application of ancillary testing (including next-generation sequencing) on cytopathology material. This volume: Prepared by about 70 authors and editors Contributors from around the world, reflecting an international expertise Hundreds of high-quality images More than 900 references

WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology is Volume 1 of this new series of reporting systems for cytopathology, which is a joint project of the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO). The series includes a unique synthesis of the published evidence and the practice of cytopathology, and it is linked to the WHO Classification of Tumours series, now in its 5th edition. Cytopathologists look at tumours slightly differently than other specialists do, and there is a need for specialized reporting systems based on the key diagnostic cytopathological features of tumours, presented in standardized reports, within a hierarchical system of diagnostic categories. These categories must also be linked to diagnostic management recommendations to improve communication with clinicians and support patient care. And it is essential that these reporting systems be truly international, to serve the needs of patients worldwide in many differently medically resourced settings. These volumes are an essential tool for standardizing diagnostic cytopathology practice worldwide and will serve as a vehicle for the translation of cytopathology research into practice. The key diagnostic cytopathological features are listed for each tumour type under a defined set of diagnostic categories and described in precise, uniform language. Thesediagnostic criteria represent the first international consensus and are underpinned by evidence that has been evaluated and debated by experts in the field. Each lesion-specific section includes a dedicated subsection discussing the differential diagnosis of the cytopathological features that can be used throughout the world, including in low-resource settings, followed by a subsection describing the current best-practice application of ancillary testing (including next-generation sequencing) on cytopathology material. This volume: Prepared by about 60 authors and editors Contributors from around the world, reflecting an international expertise More than 300 high-quality images More than 1000 references

This volume summarizes the current scientific evidence and identifies research priorities needed to decrease social inequalities in cancer. The publication, based on the expert knowledge of more than 70 international scientists from multiple disciplines, undertakes a populations-within-populations approach, highlighting the large variations in cancer incidence, survival, and mortality that exist between countries and, within countries, between social groups. Several factors may lead individuals with low social status to adopt unhealthy behaviors, to be exposed to a wider range and a higher intensity of cancer risk factors, and to have reduced access to health-care services, compared with their fellow citizens. A special focus is given to how the phenomenon of inequalities in cancer evolves and is reshaped over time, driven by economic, social, political, legislative, and technological forces; it affects everyone, but the most disadvantaged individuals are particularly hard hit. This IARC Scientific Publication was developed to serve as a reference for policy-makers and public health officials, linking to specific examples of interventions that may reduce future inequalities in cancer.

Worldwide, the application of information and communication technologies to support national health-care services is rapidly expanding and increasingly important. This is especially so at a time when all health systems face stringent economic challenges and greater demands to provide more and better care, especially to those most in need.

This timely publication comes at a time of global interest in promoting the development of appropriate national health research systems in low and middle-income developing countries. It presents the findings of a detailed and systematic situation analysis of the national health research systems in five countries of WHO's Eastern Mediterranean Region: Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Morocco, Pakistan and Sudan. The aim of the study was to pave the way for developing innovative and effective strategies for strengthening national health research systems in the Region. The experience gained will be shared with other countries in the Region and will provide a critical input to WHO's collaboration in the Region in the area of health research in the coming years.

****When not purchasing directly from the official sales agents of the WHO, especially at online bookshops, please note that there have been issues with counterfeited copies. Buy only from known sellers and if there are quality issues, please contact the seller for a refund.***** Breast Tumours is the second volume in the 5th edition of the WHO series on the classification of human tumors. This series (also known as the WHO Blue Books) is regarded as the gold standard for the diagnosis of tumors and comprises a unique synthesis of histopathological diagnosis with digital and molecular pathology. These authoritative and concise reference books provide indispensable international standards for anyone involved in the care of patients with cancer or in cancer research, underpinning individual patient treatment as well as research into all aspects of cancer causation, prevention, therapy, and education. This book will be of special interest to pathologists, oncologists, surgeons and epidemiologists who manage or research breast tumors. Sections are included on all recognized neoplasms of the breast including the nipple and areola. Since the previous edition there have been changes based on recent molecular and genetic information, with impact on clinical practice.

Since its first publication in 2002, the "WHO Model Formulary" has become an indispensable source of independent information on essential medicines for pharmaceutical policy-makers and prescribers worldwide. The "Model Formulary" is the authoritative guide on how to make effective use of the medicines on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, so improving patient safety, and limiting unnecessary medical spending. For each medicine the "Model Formulary" provides information on use, dosage, adverse effects, contraindications and warnings, supplemented by guidance on selecting the right medicine for a range of conditions.