Forward Osmosis for Wastewater Recycling and Resource Recovery

Forward osmosis (FO) can substantially advance water and wastewater treatment, particularly in battling against the wide occurrence of emerging trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). This work aims to elucidate four key effects on TrOC rejection by FO, namely, membrane properties and draw solution, key operating conditions, membrane fouling, and development of an FO ¿ membrane distillation (MD) hybrid system.