Jewish Space in Fin-De-Siecle Vienna and St. Petersburg

Essay from the year 2010 in the subject History of Europe - Newer History, European Unification, grade: A-, University CEU San Pablo Madrid, language: English, abstract: At first glance, the historical Jews do not seem to have been a group that was determining the architectural, visual and spatial outlook of cities ¿ in Europe or overseas alike. In fact, as Rudolf Klein put it, ¿the Jews were seldom in a position ¿ save in ancient and modern Israel ¿ to impose architecture on others¿; partially because they ¿moved so many times in history that they lacked the preconditions for a continuous architectural evolution¿. Moreover, architecture has always been considered a Jewish 'specialty' much less then, say, literature, medicine or business. However, I will show that a closer look at the connections between the Jews and the urban space is an important and promising enterprise that tells us a lot about the Jews, the city ¿ and also about Gentiles.
The focus of this paper is on the fin-de-siècle period (late 19th ¿ early 20th centuries) and on the two capital cities of Vienna and St. Petersburg ¿ and for some reasons. Both cities were capitals of the empires (Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, respectively), that were powerful enough to be a major military and financial competitors, but still technologically and economically backward. The transition to modernity in both capitals was late and problematic, and the Jewish communities have faced a long and persistent anti-Semitism. In both contexts, however, the Jews were especially successful and over-represented in the most modern professions ¿ and also more visible in the rapidly changing modern urban space. Thus, this paper also compliments to the perspective that analyzes ¿Jewish space¿ in fin-de-siècle capitals ¿ and brings a comparative element into the picture.
Accordingly, in this paper I will look at the Jewish experiences in turn-of-the-century Vienna and St. Petersburg to compare the visions, images and representations of the ¿Jewish space¿ in the two imperial capitals that were struggling through modernity. I am particularly interested in residential, occupational and religious aspects of the ¿Jewish space¿ as these were the factors that determined the everyday life cycle of particular Jews. Additionally, I want to trace the potential influence that the Jewish patterns of space organization may have exercised upon Gentile ones around turn of the century.