Distillation and Rectification

A. Fundamentals -

B. Theory -
I. Units -
II. Interrelation between vapor concentration and partial pressure of vapor in multicomponent mixtures -
III. Equilibrium of boiling multicomponent mixtures -
IV. Partial condensation of mixtures -
V. Heat of evaporation of mixtures -

C. Separation of liquids by simple distillation; the simple pot still -
I. Data for computation -
II. Design of kettle stills -
III. Separation by distillation and partial condensation -

D. The rectifying column -
I. Effect of rectifying plates -
II. Hookup of reflux condensers -
III. Layout of a batch-type distillation unit -
IV. Computation of the number of plates for a batch type distillation unit -
V. Minimum reflux ratio and actual reflux ratio for batch-type rectifiers -
VI. The rectification mechanism on interchanger plates -
VII. Heat consumption and reboil heat for a pot still and rectifying column -

E. Continuous distilling equipment having rectifying and stripping sections -
I. Determination of the number of plates -
II. Minimum reflux ratio of a continuous rectifying unit for separating binary mixtures -
III. The actual reflux ratio of a continuous rectifying unit -
IV. Mass-concentration interrelations -
V. Heat requirements -
VI. Reduction of heat requirements -
VII. Layout of continuous rectifying equipment for handling binary mixtures -
VII I. Special cases -
IX. Location of the feed point -
X. Heat losses -
XI. Variation of the molar heat of evaporation in the interchanger column -

F. Treatment of rectification using enthalpy-concentration diagrams -
I. The rectifying column -
II. The continuous rectifying unit -

G. Separating mixtures containing more than two components -
I. Eliminating small amounts of certain components in a mixture -
II. Separation of ideal ternary mixtures -
III. Number of rectifying columns required to separate multicomponent mixtures and their hookup -
IV. Rectifying ideal mixtures of more than three components -

H. Determining the dimensions of rectifying columns with interchanger plates; plate efficiency -
I. Cap-type and tunnel-type plates -
II. Sieve plates -
III. Comparison of cap-type and sieve-type plates -
IV. Influence of the direction of flow of the phases on the rectification effect of a plate; liquid mixing, vapor mixing, counterflow arid parallel flow -
V. Rectifying plate design -

J. Rectification in packed columns -
I. General remarks -
II. Determining the column height by means of the corresponding theoretical plate number; different types of packings -
III. Determination of column height from the heat transmission coefficient between phases; liquid distribution within the column -
IV. Pressure loss in packed columns -

K. Details -
I. Heat exchangers -
II. Control equipment -

L. Molecular distillation -

M. Appendix -
I. Equilibrium data for binary mixtures -
II. Heats of evaporation of various materials at ¿ 760 mm Hg -
III. Specific heats and specific weights of liquids -
IV. Molecular weights -
V. Conversion tables -

N. Review by the translator of progress made since the original publication -
Index -